| Synonym | Phoronis pacifica Torrey, 1901 |
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Phoronis pacifica was described before the genus Phoronopsis and as the characteristics of this species are similar to Phoronopsis harmeri: several previous authors, especially Mamkaev (1962), have considered both species as synonyms. To know more about this synonymy, please read the papers which are cited below.
References
Emig C. C., 1974. The systematics and evolution of the phylum Phoronida. Z. zool. System. Evolut.-forsch., 12 (2), 128-151.
Mamkaev I. V., 1962. On the Phoronids from the far-East (in Russian). Issled. Daln. Mor. SSR, 8, 219-237.
Marsden J. R., 1959. Phoronidea from the Pacific coast of North America. Can. J. Zool., 37 (2), 87-111.
Torrey H. B., 1901. On Phoronis pacifica n. sp. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab, Woods Hole, 2, 282-288.
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| Synonym | Phoronopsis striata Hilton, 1930 |
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Phoronopsis striata has been shortly described. Consequently, the synonymy of with Phoronopsis harmeri can only be suggested. To know more about this synonymy, please read the papers which are cited below.
References
Hilton W. A., 1930. Phoronida from the coast of Southern California. J. Entomol. Zool., Claremont, 22 (1), 33-35.
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| Synonym | Phoronopsis viridis Hilton, 1930 |
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The synonymy of Phoronopsis viridis with Phoronopsis harmeri has been established by Marsden (1959) and confirmed by Emig. Nevertheless the specimens of Phoronopsis harmeri collected along the Californian coast go on to be cited under Phoronopsis viridis. Zimmer in the seventh’s considered this latter species as distinct probably on spermatophores and larval differences and the lack of green pigmentation. But in the paper of Santagata & Zimmer (2002), this synonymy seems definitively accepted by Zimmer: reference is made to Phoronopsis harmeri (specimens collected near Los Angeles), not to Phoronopsis viridis (never cited in this publication). And finally 42 years later, after my paper in 1967, the synonymy based on morphological taxonomical characters has been recognized and confirmed genetically as valid by Santagata & Cohen (2009)! See also comments in Phoronis vancouverensis (synonym of P. ijimai) and Phoronis architecta (synonym of P. psammophila). To know more about this synonymy, please read the papers which are cited below.
References
Emig C. C., 1967. Considérations sur la systématique des Phoronidiens. II. Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell, 1912. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, 39, 984-991.
Emig C. C., 1974. The systematics and evolution of the phylum Phoronida. Z. zool. System. Evolut.-forsch., 12 (2), 128-151.
Hilton W. A., 1930. A new Phoronopsis from California. Trans. Amer. microsc. Soc., 49, 154-159.
Mamkaev I. V., 1962. On the Phoronids from the far-East [in Russian]. Issled. Daln. Mor. SSR, 8, 219-237.
Marsden J. R., 1959. Phoronidea from the Pacific coast of North America. Can. J. Zool., 37 (2), 87-111.
Santagata S. & B. L. Cohen, 2009. Phoronid phylogenetics (Brachiopoda; Phoronata): evidence from morphological cladistics, small and large subunit rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial cox1. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 34-50.
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| Synonym | Phoronopsis malakhovi Temereva, 2000 |
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Unfortunatly Phoronopsis malakhovi is described in Russian without a diagnosis in English and in a rather confidential journal. But from the English abstract, the main characters by which this new species is distinct from Phoronopsis harmeri is that the nephridia bear one funnel. This may be rather a misinterretation of the pseudofunnel morphology in Phoronopsis harmeri because in young or immature specimens the funnels have weak development. I remember working on a large population of this species sampled in Vostok Bay (Russian Far-East) and in California, I had to study many histological slides to be able to identify the presence of two pseudofunnels, in particular when the nephridial epithelium along the mesenteries is poorly developed. As stated previously (see Emig, 1985), the development of nephridial epithelium vary during the life span of an individual. To know more about this synonymy, please read the papers which are cited below.
References
Emig C. C., 1985. Phylogenetic systematics in Phoronida (Lophophorata). Z. zool. System. Evolut.-forsch., 23 (3), 184-193.
Temereva E. N., 2000. New phoronid species Phoronopsis malakhovi (Lophophorata, Phoronida) from the south China Sea (in Russian). Zool. Zhurnal, 79 (9), 1088-1093.
Emig C. C., 2003. Phylum Phoronida. In: Protostomes. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, (ed. 2) vol. 2, 491-497.
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| Synonyms | Actinotrocha ikedai A Selys-Longchamps, 1907 |
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The synonymy of the above cited Actinotrocha species has been discussed by Emig (1982) For know more about those synonymies, please read the papers which are refered below (see also the references on A. sabatieri).
References
Emig C. C., 1982. The biology of Phoronida. Adv. mar. Biol., 19, 1-89.
Santagata S. & R. L. Zimmer, 2002. Comparison of the neuromuscular systems among actinotroch larvae: systematic and evolutionary implications. Evolution and Development, 4 (1), 43-54.
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