◄ Carnets Geol. 18 (5) ►
Outline:
[1. Introduction]
[2. Generalities on the Barremian-Aptian transition]
[3. Sr-isotope trends in the Barremian-Aptian transition]
[4. SIS in Urgonian platform carbonates: Review of case studies]
[5. Concluding remarks] and ...
[Bibliographic references]
Groupement d'Intérêt Paléontologique, Science et Exposition, 60 bd
Georges Richard, 83000 Toulon (France)
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM 34, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille (France)
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM 34, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille (France)
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM 34, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille (France)
University of Geneva,
Department of Earth Sciences, 13 Rue des Maraîchers, 1205 Geneva (Switzerland);
Present
address: Musée cantonal de Géologie, BFSH-2, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM 34, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille (France)
Published online in final form (pdf) on April 21, 2018
DOI 10.4267/2042/66931
[Editor: Bruno Granier;
language editor: Robert W. Scott]
Strontium-isotope measurements on Lower Cretaceous marine rocks derive from belemnite material sampled in ammonite-constrained basinal successions. A group of values with a narrow range across the Barremian/Aptian boundary does not allow the separation of the uppermost Barremian (Martelites sarasini ammonite zone) from the lower Aptian pro parte (Deshayesites oglanlensis-D. forbesi ammonite zones). Growing numbers of studies applied Sr-Isotope Stratigraphy (SIS) on Barremian-Aptian shallow-marine sequences (Urgonian facies) in order to solve controversial results obtained by using different shallow-water biological time markers. Based on re-examination of case studies, we conclude that Sr-isotope values can neither be used to prove nor to disprove the location of the putative Barremian/Aptian boundary based on biostratigraphy. Pending more data available, SIS should be used with caution for dating ammonite-free carbonate sediments in the corresponding time interval.
• Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy;
• Cretaceous;
• Ammonites;
• Urgonian platform;
• Tethys
Frau C., Masse J.-P., Fenerci-Masse M., Tendil A.J.-B., Pictet A. & Lanteaume C. (2018).- Is Strontium-isotope stratigraphy a reliable tool for dating shallow-marine platform carbonates at the Barremian-Aptian transition? Review of western Tethyan case studies.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 139-154.
La stratigraphie isotopique du Strontium est-elle une méthode fiable pour dater les plates-formes carbonatées à la transition du Barrémien à l'Aptien ? Révision de cas d'études en Téthys occidentale.- Les mesures de l'isotope du Strontium dans des roches carbonatées marines du Crétacé inférieur proviennent de restes de bélemnites récoltés dans des séries de bassins datées directement par ammonites. Autour de la limite Barrémien/Aptien, une gamme étroite de valeurs du Strontium ne permet pas de distinguer le Barrémien supérieur (Zone d'ammonite à Martelites sarasini) de l'Aptien inférieur pro parte (zones d'ammonite à Deshayesites oglanlensis et D. forbesi). Pourtant, l'application de la Stratigraphie Isotopique du Strontium (SIS) sur des séquences marines carbonatées barrémo–aptiennes (à faciès urgonien) apparaît dans un nombre croissant d'études, essentiellement afin de résoudre les datations souvent controversées des marqueurs biologiques d'environnements peu profonds. La révision de ces cas d'étude montre que l'utilisation des valeurs de l'isotope du Strontium n'est pas un outil fiable pour prouver ou réfuter la localisation de la limite Barrémien/Aptien telle que déduite par la biostratigraphie. Dans l'attente de données complémentaires, la SIS doit être utilisée avec précaution pour dater des séries carbonatées non datées directement par ammonites dans l'intervalle de temps concerné.
• stratigraphie isotopique du Strontium ;
• Crétacé ;
• ammonites ;
• plate-forme urgonienne ;
• Téthys
Extensive data have been collected on the changes of the strontium isotopic record (87Sr/86Sr) of Lower Cretaceous marine rocks and fossils over the three last decades (e.g., Jones et al., 1994; Bralower et al., 1997; Howarth & McArthur, 1997; McArthur et al., 2001, 2004, 2012; Masse & Steuber, 2007; Burla et al., 2009; Bodin et al., 2009, 2015; Huck et al., 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; Mutterlose et al., 2014; Huck & Heimhofer, 2015). Strontium isotope measurements from well-preserved, originally calcitic, shell material (oysters, rudists, belemnites, planktonic foraminifera) are assumed to reflect the isotopic composition of the sea-water (Veizer, 1989; Mearon et al., 2003; Strohmenger et al., 2010), but its record has also been developed as a chronostratigraphic tool using external calibration by biological (ammonites, planktonic foraminiferas, calcareous nannofossils) and/or geochemical (δ13C, δ18O) markers on reference basinal series (e.g., Jones et al., 1994; McArthur et al., 2001, 2004; Bodin et al., 2009, 2015).
In recent years, Strontium-Isotope Stratigraphy (SIS) has been used to date ammonite-free, shallow-marine carbonate sequences of Barremian-Aptian age (Urgonian facies) in order to solve controversial results using orbitolinids and/or rudists as time markers (e.g., Masse & Steuber, 2007; Burla et al., 2009; Huck et al., 2011; Huck & Heimhofer, 2015). Our paper addresses this problem by a re-appraisal of the Barremian-Aptian strontium isotope record with respect to the standard Mediterranean ammonite zonation, and re-examine SIS-derived datings of well-documented Urgonian series of the western Tethys. We will try to decipher the underlying causes of the mismatch between this technique and biostratigraphy.
|
Figure 1:
Succession of the Barremian-Aptian marine 87Sr/86Sr ratio from reference
ammonite-bearing successions of the western Tethys (based on Jones et
al., 1994; Bodin et al.,
2009, 2015; Bover-Arnal et
al., 2016) plotted with the standard Mediterranean ammonite zonation (Reboulet
et al., 2014). Note that the
"grey band" spans the SIS data below the OAE 1a time interval, and the
ratio does not separate the uppermost Barremian (Martelites
sarasini Zone) from the lowermost Aptian (Deshayesites oglanlensis-D.
forbesi pro parte zones). |
In
the Mediterranean Tethys, the upper Barremian includes four ammonite zones
according to the current standard zonation discussed by the IUGS Lower Cretaceous Ammonite Working
Group (Reboulet et al., 2014) (Fig. 1 
). The two
uppermost zones are the acme of
uncoiled (I. giraudi Zone) and
recoiled (M. sarasini Zone)
Heteroceratidae that provide long-distance correlative bioevents at the scale of
the Tethys (Klinger et al., 1984; Delanoy,
1997; Lehmann et
al., 2015).
By means of ammonites, the base of the Aptian is defined at the First Appearance Datum of the Deshayesitidae (e.g., Rawson, 1983; Birkelund et al., 1984; Reboulet et al., 2011, 2014), and more specifically at the FAD of Deshayesites oglanlensis. Unfortunately, this ammonite bioevent has so rarely been documented as a result of ammonite-free stratigraphic interval (SE France - Delanoy, 1995; SE Italy - Landra et al., 2000; Tunisia - Lehmann et al., 2009; NE Spain - Bover-Arnal et al., 2016; Turkmenistan - Cecca et al., 1999a; Japan - Ando et al., 2002), syn-depositional hiatus (Spain - Aguado et al., 1997) or erosion (North Italy - Lukeneder et al., 2012), while continental conditions prevailed over most of the Boreal Realm at that time (Lehmann et al., 2015, and references therein).
The
lower Aptian, formerly referred as Bedoulian in the Cassis-Roquefort-la-Bédoule
unit-stratotypical succession of southern France (Fabre-Taxy et
al., 1965; Moullade et al.,
2000), is divided into four ammonite zones (Fig. 1 ). However, the definitions of
their boundaries have been much debated in the past decades (e.g.,
Casey et al., 1998; Ropolo
et al., 1999, 2000a,
2000b, 2006; Moreno-Bedmar
et al., 2009, 2010,
2012, 2014; Bersac & Bert,
2012, 2015; Frau
et al., 2015), and no consensus has been yet reached regarding their vertical
extension and long-distance correlation. This is the case for the D.
forbesi-D. deshayesi
zones including the spreading and culmination of the Ocean Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a
(Moreno-Bedmar et al., 2009). The latter refers to the worldwide, massive
deposition of organic-rich black shales in deep basinal settings associated to a
major perturbation in the global carbon cycle (Menegatti et
al., 1998). The carbon isotope curve of the OAE 1a
has been divided in eight diagnostic segments (C1 to C8) by Menegatti et
al. (1998), among which the black shales deposition culminates through the
C3 pro parte to C6 isotopic segments
in the Alpine Tethys and its surrounding areas (Li et al.,
2016, and references therein).
Reinterpretation of the ammonite-bearing successions of southern France (Frau et al., 2015, work in progress) and northern Spain (Moreno-Bedmar et al., 2009, 2012; Najarro et al., 2011) indicates that the OAE 1a-related time interval encompasses the upper D. forbesi and lower D. deshayesi standard zones. These results contradict the current ammonite age-calibration of the OAE 1a used in the two last versions of the Geologic Time Scale which located this event in the upper part of the D. deshayesi Zone (Gradstein et al., 2012; Ogg et al., 2016). This misinterpretation relies on the use of the D. deshayesi Zone as defined by Bréheret (1997) and Ropolo et al. (2000b, 2006) in the reference successions of the Vocontian (Angles-Combe Lambert-Glaise composite section) and South Provence basins (Cassis-Roquefort-la-Bédoule) which proved to be erroneous (Moreno-Bedmar et al., 2009; Frau et al., 2015, work in progress).
Sr-isotope
data from ammonite-bearing beds at the Barremian-Aptian transition are
limited and derive from the reference successions of southern England (Jones
et al., 1994; McArthur et
al., 2004), southeast France (Bodin et
al., 2009, 2015) and northeast Spain (Bover-Arnal et
al., 2016). Each case study is discussed below and synthesized in Figure 1 .
Jones et al. (1994) provided the first high-resolution Sr-isotope curve based on ammonite-constrained, belemnites and oysters from the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of Great Britain. These data stand as the reference SIS curve for the Boreal Cretaceous, together with the revised data of McArthur et al. (2004). Regarding our studied interval, Jones et al. (1994) provided two values from the upper Barremian of the Speeton Clay (Yorkshire Coast) and nine values from the lower Aptian of the Lower Greensand (Isle of Wight).
Upper Barremian values derive from belemnites collected in association with the ammonites Parancyloceras elegans and P. denckmanni defining the first two zones of the upper Barremian in Boreal settings (Mutterlose & Bornemann, 2000). According to Jones et al. (1994), and later confirmed by McArthur et al. (2004), the P. elegans Zone records the most positive Sr-isotope values of the Lower Cretaceous, around 0.707489 if we acknowledge the correction proposed by Bralower et al. (1997) adding 0.000025 to the original values.
Lower Aptian values derive from beds belonging to the Prodeshayesites fissicostatus, Deshayesites forbesi, Deshayesites deshayesi and Tropaeum bowerbanki ammonite zones as defined by Casey et al. (1998). Isotope values fluctuate from 0.707396 to 0.707430, if we acknowledge the same correction proposed by Bralower et al. (1997). Long-distance correlation of Lower Greensand ammonite zones with the Mediterranean standard zonation is still a matter of debate (Moreno-Bedmar et al., 2009, 2014; Bersac & Bert, 2012, 2015), but external calibration by carbon isotope (Gröcke et al., 1999) suggests that the Lower Greensand ammonite zones encompass the C2 pro parte to C7 isotopic carbon segments of Menegatti et al. (1998); an interval spanning the D. forbesi Zone pro parte to the D. furcata Zone in reference ammonite-constrained successions of the Mediterranean Tethys (Frau et al., work in progress).
Bodin et al. (2009) documented Sr-isotope values from belemnites collected in the upper Hauterivian, Barremian and lowermost Aptian beds from the Vocontian-type Angles section (southeast France), that was formerly designed as unit-stratotype for the Barremian Stage (Busnardo, 1965).
Sr-isotope measurements describe a long-lasting increase through the upper Hauterivian and lower Barremian, ranging from 0.707466 to 0.707524, with plateau values occurring in the K. nicklesi-M. moutonianum pro parte zones. Maximum value (i.e., 0.707524) falls in the uppermost K. compressissima Zone. A decreasing trend follows with minimum values achieved in the lowermost M. sarasini Zone (i.e., values equal to 0.707418 and 0.707425). Sr-isotope values in the lower Aptian beds assigned to the D. oglanlensis (pro Tuarkyricus) Zone and lower D. forbesi (pro D. weissi) Zone by Delanoy (1995) are only based on two measurements equal to 0.707433.
Bodin et al. (2015) complemented the Sr-isotope curve by new measurements (10 samples) from the I. giraudi-D. forbesi pro parte zones in the lateral equivalent Combe Lambert section (see details in Delanoy, 1995). Values vary little in this time interval and belong to a continuum ranging from 0.707448 to 0.707413
Additional Sr-isotope measurements were documented in two other Vocontian sections (Serre Chaitieu and Glaise), which exhibit an undisturbed OAE 1a succession (locally referred to as Niveau Goguel - see details in Bréheret, 1995). This interval spans the C3 to C6 isotopic carbon segments (Bodin et al., 2009, Fig. 6). Unfortunately, only data from post-OAE 1a levels assigned to the upper D. deshayesi and lowermost D. furcata zones are given by the authors, because the Niveau Goguel and its enclosing strata are devoid of belemnite remains. Sr-isotope measurements are significantly low and range from 0.707366 to 0.707305.
Bover-Arnal et al. (2016) documented two Sr-isotope values obtained from oysters calibrated by ammonite occurrences in the shallow-water platform carbonates of the Maestrat Basin (NE Spain): 0.707466 in beds of the upper I. giraudi Zone, and 0.707425 in beds of the lower M. sarasini Zone. From the same area, a value of 0.707390 was measured on a rudist shell from a Lithocodium-bearing horizon in the lower part of the marl-dominated, ammonite-bearing Forcall Formation. According to Bover-Arnal et al. (2016), this horizon is coeval with the major positive carbon shift that mirrors the C4 isotopic segment of Menegatti et al. (1998), calibrated with the uppermost D. forbesi Zone (Moreno-Bedmar et al., 2010). Three additional Sr-isotope measurements have been documented from rudist shells of the Villaroya de los Pinares Fm. bounded by ammonites dating the D. deshayesi-D. furcata zones. The average value is 0.707356.
The
Sr-isotope compiled
curve established by Bodin et
al. (2009, 2015), supplemented by the data of Jones et
al. (1994) and Bover-Arnal et
al. (2016), shows the following features and trends (Fig. 1 ):
(i) Sr-isotope measurements achieve maximum values through the lower Barremian and record an overall decreasing trend in the upper Barremian pro parte (T. vandenheckii-I. giraudi zones). The ratio is characterized by high values comprised between ~0.707475 and 0.707500. This trend conforms well to that established in Boreal settings by Jones et al. (1994) and McArthur et al. (2001, 2004), although it does not match with the biostratigraphic definition of the lower/upper Barremian boundary by means of ammonites between the Boreal and Tethyan standard scale (Mutterlose et al., 2014);
(ii) A group of Sr-isotope measurements is bounded by values of 0.707435 to 0.707410 and forms a break in the overall decreasing trend of the Sr-isotope curve. This group of values plots in a "grey band" in which SIS is unreliable for distinguishing the uppermost Barremian (M. sarasini Zone) from the lowermost Aptian (D. oglanlensis-D. forbesi pro parte zones);
(iii) Measurements from the OAE 1a-related time interval are limited in both realms but values are lower than a threshold fixed at 0.707400 through the D. forbesi-D. deshayesi pro parte zones;
(iv) A newly recognized decreasing trend of Sr-isotope values ranges from 0.707366 to 0.707305, which characterises post-OAE 1a levels and spans the upper D. deshayesi to D. furcata zones.
SIS
based on shell material has been widely used for dating ammonite-free, carbonate
platforms of Barremian-Aptian
age (Urgonian facies) in the western Tethys (Fig. 2 ).
This is the case in
eastern Portugal (Burla et al., 2009; Huck et
al., 2012), southern (Huck & Heimhofer,
2015) and
south-eastern (Huck et al., 2011,
2013) France, and south-western Croatia (Huck et al.,
2010). Results and interpretations of these studies are
exposed and discussed below. Note that carbon-isotope stratigraphy was
frequently used in support of SIS-derived datings in these case studies. The
reliability of this method is highly questionable in Lower Cretaceous
shallow-marine carbonates, and its use for stratigraphic purpose most often led
to controversial uncertainties (see recent discussion in Godet et
al., 2016). This problem is beyond the scope of this work and will be
addressed elsewhere.
|
Figure
2:
Barremian-Aptian palaeogeographic map of the western
Tethys and location of the case studies (modified from Steuber et
al., 2005). Numbers refer to case studies: 1.
Estremadura (Portugal) 2. southern Provence (France), 3. northern Subalpine
Chains (France), 4. Istria (Croatia). |
In
Estremadura (eastern Portugal), Sr-isotope measurements were performed by Burla
et al. (2009), and re-examined by Huck
et al. (2012), from oysters sampled in the Urgonian Cresmina Fm.,
including the Barremian-Aptian transition according to bio- and chemostratigraphic markers (Fig. 3 ). Values are in the range of 0.707405 to 0.707433 (actually 0.707385 to
0.707457 if acknowledging error bars) for the rudistid limestones (Ponta Alta
Mb.), which are assumed to be of early Aptian age with the occurrence of caprinid rudists (Rey,
1992; Burla et al., 2008), and
0.707407 to 0.707424 (actually 0.707379 to 0.707450 if acknowledging error bars)
for the overlying orbitolinid-bearing beds (Praia de Lagoa Mb.) of late early
and/or early late Aptian age (Burla et
al., 2008), that also include angiosperm pollen (Heimhofer et
al., 2007) and calcareous nannofossils (Da Gama et
al., 2012).
The
range of values is almost similar for both members and, if plotted onto our
compiled curve, it spans most of the upper Barremian and the entire lower Aptian
including the "grey band". Although the occurrence of the orbitolinid Praeorbitolina
cormyi in the Praia de Lagoa Mb. pinpoints the upper lower Aptian boundary
(its range being constrained by ammonites to the D. deshayesi to D. furcata
Zones in southeast France - Schroeder et al., 2010, and references therein), the calibration of the
caprinid-bearing Ponta Alta Mb. is open to discussion and could be either latest
Barremian or earliest Aptian in age (Fig. 3 ).
It is noteworthy that the dating of the caprinid-bearing beds of the Mediterranean Tethys mostly relies on the comparison with the Urgonian-type, North Provence platform series (southern France), in which the caprinid-bearing unit (U2 Unit sensu Leenhardt, 1883) up to now assigned to the D. oglanlensis-D. forbesi pro parte zones by indirect correlation with the surrounding basinal settings (Masse, 1995, 2003; Masse & Fenerci-Masse, 2011). Isolated Sr-isotope values from rudist shells measured in the U2 Unit also fall in the "grey band" (i.e., 0.707418 to 0.707449 - Masse & Steuber, 2007), and cannot be confidently used to pinpoint the age of the Urgonian-type caprinid-bearing beds by SIS. Their direct calibration is thus a challenging issue that could have major consequences on dating the demise of the Urgonian rudistid-platform ecosystems at the scale of the Mediterranean Tethys. Note that the current dating of the U2 Unit has been recently challenged by Frau et al. (2017) who alleged a latest Barremian age; this age is now confirmed by the discovery of overlying ammonite occurrences (Frau et al., 2018).
|
Figure 3: Litho- and Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Cresmina section (Estremadura, Portugal) with stratigraphic interpretations proposed by Burla et al. (2008, 2009) and Frau et al. (this work). The late Barremian age of the Ponta Alta Mb. follows the recent age-assignment of the Urgonian-type, North Provence caprinid-bearing beds (see Frau et al., accepted). Sinuous lines mark major discontinuities. |
High-resolution,
Sr-isotope measurements were performed by Huck & Heimhofer
(2015) on the Boumandariel sequence sensu
Fenerci-Masse et al. (2005)
from the western part of the Nerthe Massif (Martigues and Sausset-les-Pins
sections) in southern Provence. This sequence, divided into five units (i.e., E1 to E5), represents the topmost part of the rudist-rich
Urgonian series of southern Provence (Masse et al.,
2001; Fenerci-Masse et al.,
2005; Masse & Fenerci-Masse,
2006) (Fig. 4 ). By contrast
with North Provence, the caprinid-bearing beds are absent due to the progressive deepening of this region, which
lead to the deposition of the thick, ammonite-bearing succession of the South Provence Basin (Masse & Fenerci-Masse,
2011; Frau et al., 2016).
Sr-isotope measurements given by Huck
& Heimhofer
(2015) were obtained from rudist shells from the E1 to
E5 units, essentially requieniids and monopleurids (Fig.
4 ).
At Sausset-les-Pins, the values fluctuate from 0.707324 to 0.707479, while at
Martigues, the range narrows from 0.707418 to 0.707448. In both cases,
Sr-isotope values encompass a spectrum which apparently covers the upper
Barremian and lower Aptian if plotted onto our compiled curve. Values range
from 0.707411 to 0.707324 at Sausset-les-Pins and were interpreted to be indicative of
the D. oglanlensis-D.
forbesi zones by Huck & Heimhofer
(2015); assigning de facto a late early Aptian
age to the post-Urgonian deposits. According to these authors, the putative
Barremian/Aptian boundary falls in the upper part of the Boumandariel sequence but
the existence of a major hiatus spanning the G. sartousiana and I. giraudi zones
was presupposed by the authors.
|
Figure
4:
Synthetic stratigraphic section of the Barremian-Aptian
transition in southern Provence with main litho- and bio-events of the
Boumandariel (yellow), drowning (rose) and lowermost basinal (blue) sequences
(modified from Fenerci-Masse et al., 2005; Masse & Fenerci-Masse,
2011), and
comparison with the litho- and Sr-isotope stratigraphy published by Huck & Heimhofer
(2015). Note that major ammonite bio-events
support the location of the Barremian/Aptian in the lowermost basinal sequence
(red line sensu Frau et
al., this work). |
It
is noteworthy that Huck & Heimhofer
(2015) overlooked the
extensive litho- and biostratigraphic data collected from the Urgonian and
post-Urgonian series of South Provence (Moullade et
al., 2000; Masse & Fenerci-Masse,
2011; Frau et
al., 2016). Indeed, this series is laterally continuous from the Nerthe
Massif to the so-called Calanques Massif, which houses the Bedoulian-type series.
Four guide levels, i.e., the last
occurrence of the rudist genus Agriopleura
located at the E2 emersive surface (Fenerci-Masse et al.,
2005), the Pethrocoprolithus-Favreina
calichified horizon located at the boundary between the E4 and E5 units (Masse,
1966, 1976), and the two black
shale horizons S1 and S2 (= Niveau Taxy sensu
Moullade et al., 2000) of the
drowning sequence (Masse & Fenerci-Masse,
2011), are essential
for documenting this continuity and support the synchronous demise of the
Urgonian regime through the study area (Fig. 5 ). Although no
ammonites have
yet been reported in the drowning sequence, three ammonite assemblages occur
throughout the lowermost basinal sequence (Fig.
5 ).
The lower assemblage is
dominated by the Heteroceratidae (Martelites,
Heteroceras, Calanquites and endemic genera), which progressively disappear and
are replaced by the Ancyloceratidae Pseudocrioceras,
and then by the Deshayesitidae Deshayesites
(see Delanoy et al., 1997; Ropolo
et al., 1999, 2000a,
2000b, 2006; Frau
et al., 2016). The first two
assemblages characterize the lower and upper subzones of the M.
sarasini Zone, while with unanimous agreement the third one begins the Aptian stage in
the study area (Delanoy et al., 1997; Cecca et al.,
1999b; Ropolo et al., 1999, 2000a,
2000b; Reboulet et al., 2011,
2014). These ammonite assemblages also occur in the Nerthe Massif. As an
example, we report the occurrence of the Heteroceratidae Calanquites
gr. katsharavai at Carry-le-Rouet,
as well as the association of Martelites sp. and Heteroceras
sp. at the Gare de Ponteau section (Fig. 5 ). These taxa date the lowermost M.
sarasini Zone and confirm the age-assignment of the drowning sequence to the
I. giraudi Zone through the study area (Frau et
al., 2016).
In summary, there is hardly any doubt that the Barremian/Aptian boundary falls in post-Urgonian basinal series and that the Boumandariel sequence is of early late Barremian age. It is currently assigned to the upper G. sartousiana Zone in agreement with the Last Appearance Datum (LAD) of the rudist genus Agriopleura (see Masse & Fenerci-Masse, 2015), although Clavel et al. (2014) argued an older Barremian age by orbitolinid occurrences. In any case, the foregoing highlights that the calibration of the Barremian/Aptian boundary proposed by Huck & Heimhofer (2015) using SIS is erroneous.
|
Figure
5:
Stratigraphic correlations of the uppermost Barremian through the
Martigues-Marseille region with the first illustration of age-diagnostic
heteroceratid ammonites from the Nerthe Massif: (a) and (b) specimens MPP-CR.1
and MPP-CR.2 of Calanquites
gr. katsharavai from Carry-le-Rouet; (c) and (d) specimens FSL.108074
and FSL.108083 of Martelites sp. from Gare de Ponteau; (e) specimen
FSL.108077 Heteroceras
sp. from Gare de Ponteau. All ammonites are deposited in the Musée de
Paléontologie de Provence (MPP) and the Faculté des Sciences de Lyon (FSL). |
Sr-isotope
measurements were performed by Huck et
al. (2011, 2013) on rudist shells from the Urgonian series pro
parte in the Cluses-Forclaz area (Bornes-Aravis
massifs, Northern Subalpine Chains). The studied part of the section overlies outer platform deposits dominated by
bioclastic-peloidal facies. This succession includes two rudist accumulation units (i.e.,
Lower and Upper Urgonian limestone members sensu
Wermeille, 1996, Unit 15 and 18 sensu Trabold,
1996; segments CL7-CL9 and CL11 pro
parte-CL13 sensu
Huck et al., 2013), that
are separated
by an orbitolinid-rich episode, which is considered by the authors to be the local equivalent
of the so-called Lower Orbitolina Beds
cropping out in the Southern Subalpine Chains (Trabold,
1996) (Fig. 6 ). Note
that the upper rudist accumulation unit likely consists of foraminifer-peloidal
facies grading upward into quartz-rich sands topped by a prominent discontinuity.
Post-Urgonian deposits correspond to the Helvetic Greensandstones Fm., the basal
part of which corresponds to the upper Aptian Aujon Beds as defined by Pictet
(2016 and references therein).
According to Huck et al. (2011), Sr-isotope values of the lower rudist accumulation unit encompass the maximum early-late Barremian change-over from increasing to decreasing values, while values of the upper unit falls in the "grey band" as herein defined. Accordingly, Huck et al. (2011) assigned a late Barremian-early Aptian age to the rudistid units and the orbitolinid episode of the Cluses-Forclaz area. The age would conform to the Urgonian Limestone Fm. sensu Arnaud et al. (1998) cropping out in the Southern Subalpine Chains.
In our opinion, the high Sr-isotope values of the lower rudist accumulation (ranging between 0.707476 and 0.707495), followed by a decreasing trend through the CL8-9 segments (average values of 0.707461) can be interpreted in two different ways with respect to the Sr-isotope reference composite curve (i) early-late Barremian change-over from increasing to decreasing values as Huck et al. (2011) did or (ii) internal variability within the early Barremian Sr-isotope plateau values. Unfortunately, biological markers documented in the lower rudist accumulation by Trabold (1996) do not provide independent evidence for interpreting the Sr-isotope curve. Indeed, the orbitolinid taxa documented by Trabold (1996, Fig. 4.2) in the lower rudist accumulation unit fall in a time interval that spans the lower to lower upper Barremian without specifying the ammonite zone. Going further, the Highest Occurrence Datum of Agriopleura observed at the CL9-CL10 segment transition by one of us (J.-P.M.) cannot be confidently considered to be the LAD of this rudist genus although it similarly falls at a short-term emersive surface indicated by both litho- and geochemical markers (Huck et al., 2011), as in the southern France record (see § 4.2).
Above, a set of six Sr-isotope values was documented in the upper rudist accumulation unit while no confident measurement has been possible for the orbitolinid-rich episode due to values below the standard threshold (Huck et al., 2011, Fig. 5). However, the authors pointed out that "the uppermost Cluses section, beneath the drowning unconformity, is characterized by altered δ13C values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios due to pervasive recent weathering". SIS cannot be, therefore, specifically used to prove or disprove the late Barremian-early Aptian age assigned to the two rudist accumulation units. Only the potential occurrence of caprinid rudists in the upper rudist accumulation unit could bring biostratigraphic refinement with respect to the Southern Subalpine Chains. However, to date no age-diagnostic rudists have been reported in this area. As a result, the equivalence between the orbitolinid-rich beds of the Cluses-Forclaz area with the Southern Subalpine Lower Orbitolina Beds is still a moot point which needs further investigation.
|
Figure
6:
Lithostratigraphy and Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Cluses section (Northern
Subalpine Chains, SE France) with stratigraphic interpretations proposed by Huck
et al. (2011, 2013) and Frau et
al. (this work). Sinuous line marks the final emersive discontinuity at the
top of the Urgonian series. Symbol (#) indicate the rudist samples with strontium concentrations below the threshold of 1000 ppm
(see Huck et al., 2011). |
SIS
based on requieniid rudist shells from the Lithocodium-Bacinella
episode of the Kanfanar section (Istria, Croatia) was
documented by Huck et al.
(2010) (Fig. 7 ). Values are in the range of 0.707395 to 0.707421, and fall in the "grey
band", thus preventing a precise calibration. Huck et al.
(2010) converted the Sr-isotope values into numerical ages (i.e.,
124.5 ± 0.4 Ma and 124.0 ± 0.4 Ma) using the LOWESS method of Howarth
& McArthur (1997). Referring to Gradstein et
al. (2004), these numerical ages were associated
with a
late Barremian-early
Aptian age, including the spreading and culmination (pro parte) of OAE 1a. Unfortunately,
Huck et al. (2010) overlooked
the occurrence of the age-diagnostic orbitolinid, P. cormyi, in the lower part of the Bacinella-Lithocodium episode (Masse et al.,
2004), which ranges in the D. deshayesi-D.
furcata zones (op. cit.), and postdates the OAE
1a-related time interval. Consequently, Sr-isotope values cannot be used to
pinpoint the position of the Bacinella-Lithocodium episode of Kanfanar with respect to the lower/upper Aptian boundary.
Nevertheless, one may notice that the Croatian Bacinella-Lithocodium
episode is younger than the Oman ones which predates the FO of P. cormyi and are
apparently associated with the OAE 1a time interval
(see Masse et al., 1998a,
1998b; Immenhauser
et al., 2005; Schroeder et
al., 2010).
|
Figure
7:
Lithostratigraphy and Sr-derived numerical ages of the Kanfanar section (Istria,
Croatia) with stratigraphic interpretations proposed by Huck et
al. (2010) and Frau et al.
(this work). Sinuous line marks a major discontinuity. |
Based on the Sr-isotope compiled curve, the group of values comprised between 0.707435 and 0.707410 represents a "grey band" in which SIS is unreliable for separating the uppermost Barremian (M. sarasini Zone) from the lower Aptian pro parte (D. oglanlensis-D. forbesi zones). Potentially, values ranging from 0.707485 to 0.707440 tend to indicate an early late Barremian age, while values lower than 0.707410 are strictly younger than the upper lower Aptian (upper D. forbesi-D. furcata zones time interval). Following our foregoing review, little doubt exists that Sr-isotope values cannot be specifically used to prove or disprove results based on shallow-marine biological markers applied to the Urgonian sequences at the Barremian-Aptian transition. The value of 0.707427 assumed to be indicative of the Barremian/Aptian boundary by Howarth & MacArthur (1997) and Hosseini et al. (2016) therefore cannot be used with confidence.
The conversion of Sr-isotope values to numerical ages subsequently assigned to a stratigraphic interval is also a source of great imprecision, but this is mostly due to the imperfect calibration of numerical ages with stage boundaries. Although SIS-derived ages commonly tend to match biostratigraphic data at the stage level in the lower Cretaceous (see exception in Godet et al., 2011, versus Charollais et al., 2013), their resolution is, notwithstanding exceptions, generally too low for defining ammonite zones and subzones in shallow-marine carbonates. In some cases, biological markers should be more precisely integrated with specific parts of the indeterminate SIS segments, and thus to improve correlations.
For the study interval, the compiled Sr-isotope curve is supported by a limited number of measurements, especially for the OAE 1a time interval. The scarcity of control points precludes the recognition of possible temporal variations within a given ammonite zone and/or the existence of some internal variability. For instance, the apparent similarity of Sr-isotope values between the M. sarasini and D. forbesi zones is possibly a sampling artefact, but until more data become available, the Sr-isotope curve should continue to be used with extreme caution for dating ammonite-free stratigraphic intervals.
This paper benefits from the input of several reviewers and editors through its submission process: Gregory Price (Plymouth University), Alexis Godet (University of Texas San Antonio) and Josep A. Moreno-Bedmar (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), followed by Bruno Granier (Université de Bretagne Occidentale), Bernard Clavel (Messery) and Mariano Parente (University of Naples Federico II), who greatly improved the early drafts of the manuscript. They are gratefully acknowledged for their insightful comments. Special thanks are also due to Emmanuel Robert (Université Claude Bernard-Lyon-I), who allowed access to the collections in his care and Christina Ifrim (Universität Heidelberg) for her continuous support of the first author during this study. Robert W. Scott (University of Tulsa) is gratefully acknowledged for final English editing.
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