Outline:

[1. Introduction] [2. Material and methods] [3. Data]
[4. Results] [5. A revised Berriasian-Hauterivian Time Scale]
[6. Conclusions] [Bibliographic references] and ... [Appendices]

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Tithonian-Hauterivian chronostratigraphy
(latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous),
Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm and southern Andes:
A stratigraphic experiment and Time Scale

Robert W. Scott

Precision Stratigraphy Associates, 149 West Ridge Road, Cleveland Oklahoma 74040 (U.S.A.)

Published online in final form (pdf) on August 1, 2022
DOI 10.2110/carnets.2022.2213

[Editor: Bruno R.C. Granier]

Abstract

New radioisotopic dates of Tithonian-Hauterivian strata in the Neuquén Basin significantly recalibrate Early Cretaceous numerical ages. In order to evaluate the implications of these revised ages, a graphic correlation experiment of twenty-three Andean Tithonian to Hauterivian sections integrated the ranges of 254 species, sequence boundaries, polarity chrons, and radioisotopic ages that compose the ANDESCS DB. This database accurately reproduces the order of Andean ammonite zones and places them in a relative metric scale of a composite reference section. The ranges in the ANDESCS DB were correlated with the LOK2016 DB that comprises Tithonian-Albian ammonites, calpionellids, nannofossils, and polarity chrons in Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm stage reference sections. In 2017 these ranges were calibrated to GTS2016 mega-annums (MA). Although most Andean ammonoids were endemic to the Indo-Pacific Subrealm, nannofossils, calpionellids and polarity chrons were present in both areas.

This stratigraphic experiment correlates base Berriasian as defined in France within the Substeueroceras koeneni Zone. In Andean sections this boundary is correlated with the Crassicolaria/Calpionella zone boundary dated at about 141 Ma. The base of the Valanginian defined by Calpionellites darderi correlates with the Neocomites wichmanni Zone of the Neuquén Basin (NB) recalibrated at 139.50 Ma, which is confirmed by multiple dates in Argentina, Mexico, Tibet, and elsewhere. The base Hauterivian correlates with base of Holcoptychites neuquensis Zone in the NB recalibrated at 131 Ma. Top of Hauterivian is in the Sabaudiella riverorum Zone in the NB and is dated at 127 Ma below an unconformity.

Previous cyclostratigraphic astrochronologic cycles are averaged and calibrate the duration of the Tithonian at 5.67 myr, the Berriasian at 5.27 myr, the Valanginian at 5.30 myr, and the Hauterivian at 5.60 myr. The age of each stage is recalibrated by adding revised durations to the most common age of base Valanginian of 139.5 Ma. These ages revise the Berriasian to Hauterivian stages time scale, and the ages of stage boundaries are on average 2.8 myr longer than proposed by the new Neuquén Basin radioisotopic dates.

Keywords

• Early Cretaceous numerical dates;
• Tithonian;
• Berriasian;
• Valanginian;
• Hauterivian;
• biostratigraphy;
• Indo-Pacific Subrealm

Citation

Scott R.W. (2022).- Tithonian-Hauterivian chronostratigraphy (latest Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm and southern Andes: A stratigraphic experiment and Time Scale.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 22, no. 13, p. 619-660.

Highlights

• Indo-Pacific Subrealm new high quality radioisotopic ages of the Tithonian-Hauterivian stages in the Neuquén Basin, Indo-Pacific Subrealm, propose significant changes to the Early Cretaceous numerical time scale.
• A chronostratigraphic database of of ammonites, calpionellids, nannofossils, dinoflagellates, and polarity chrons spans uppermost Tithonian to Albian stages from outcrops and drill cores on five continents, the LOK2016 DB, serves as a chronostratigraphic reference data set.
• Stratigraphic range data of Andean taxa and polarity chrons, the ANDESCS DB, integrates stratigraphic events into a common metric scale.
• Correlation of Andean ammonite zones with the global database projects European stage boundaries into Andean sections about as predicted.
• The new U/Pd zircon dates would shorten the durations of stages, ammonite zones and depositional cycles.
• New radioisotopic dates together with stage durations measured in Tethys sections suggest that age of base Valanginian is close to 139.5 Ma and ages of other stage boundaries may be calibrated by cyclostratigraphy.

Résumé

Chronostratigraphie du Tithonien-Hauterivien (Jurassique terminal-Crétacé inférieur), du sous-domaine méditerranéen-caucasien et des Andes méridionales : Un exercice stratigraphique et l'échelle de temps.- De nouvelles datations radio-isotopiques des strates de l'intervalle Tithonien-Hauterivien du Bassin de Neuquén contribuent à significativement recalibrer les âges numériques du Crétacé inférieur. Afin d'évaluer les implications de la révision de ces âges, un exercice de corrélation graphique incluant vingt-trois coupes andines de l'intervalle Tithonien-Hauterivien a été réalisé. Il intègre les distributions de 254 espèces, les limites de séquence, les chrons de polarité et les âges radio-isotopiques qui composent la base de données ANDESCS. Cette base de données reproduit fidèlement l'ordre des zones d'ammonites andines et les replace sur l'échelle métrique relative d'une coupe composite de référence. Les éléments de la base de données ANDESCS ont été corrélés avec la base de données LOK2016 qui restitue les distributions des ammonites, calpionelles et nannofossiles ainsi que des chrons de polarité pour l'intervalle Tithonien-Albien pour des coupes de référence d'étages du sous-domaine méditerranéo-caucasien. En 2017, ces distributions furent calibrées sur les millions d'années de la GTS2016. Bien que la plupart des ammonoïdes andins soient endémiques du sous-domaine indo-pacifique, des zones de nannofossiles et de calpionelles ainsi que des chrons de polarité ont été reconnus dans les deux sous-domaines.

Cet exercice stratigraphique permet de placer la base du Berriasien telle que définie en France au sein de la Zone à Substeueroceras koeneni. Dans les coupes andines, cette limite est corrélée avec celle des zones à Crassicolaria et à Calpionella datée d'environ 141 Ma. La base du Valanginien définie par Calpionellites darderi se corrèle avec la Zone à Neocomites wichmanni du Bassin de Neuquén recalibrée à 139,50 Ma, ce qui est confirmé par de multiples datations en Argentine, au Mexique, au Tibet et en d'autres régions. La base de l'Hauterivien est corrélée avec la base de la Zone à Holcoptychites neuquensis du Bassin de Neuquén recalibrée à 131 Ma. Le sommet de l'Hauterivien se trouve dans la Zone à Sabaudiella riverorum du Bassin de Neuquén et est daté de 127 Ma sous une discordance.

Les cycles astrochronologiques cyclostratigraphiques précédents ont fait l'objet de calculs de moyennes qui attribuent au Tithonien une durée de 5,67 myr, 5,27 myr au Berriasien, 5,30 myr au Valanginien, et 5,60 myr à l'Hauterivien. L'âge de chaque étage est alors recalculé en soustrayant ou ajoutant les durées révisées à l'âge le plus couramment attribué à la base du Valanginien soit 139,5 Ma. Ces âges constituent une révision de l'échelle de temps des étages Berriasien à Hauterivien. Les âges des limites des étages sont ainsi en moyenne 2,8 myr plus longs que ceux proposés suite aux dernières datations radio-isotopiques du Bassin de Neuquén.

Mots-clefs

• datations numériques du Crétacé inférieur ;
• Tithonien ;
• Berriasien ;
• Valanginien ;
• Hauterivien ;
• biostratigraphie ;
• sous-domaine indo-pacifique

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1. Introduction

Numerical-age calibration of the Cretaceous Period has evolved over more than sixty years as radioisotopic measurements have been acquired and revised. Numerical ages were first estimated by radioisotopic ages, then by rates of sea-floor spreading and most recently by astrochronology and strontium isotopes. In 1959 numerical ages of the beginning and end of the Cretaceous Period were dated from 135±5 to 70±2 Ma (Holmes in Hinte, 1976) (Table 1). Since 1976 this time scale has been revised at least nineteen times. Beginning in 1995 a series of frequent updates adjusted the Cretaceous time scale as new data and methods were acquired (Ogg et al., 2004, 2012, 2016; Huang, 2018; Walker et al., 2018; Gale et al., 2020; Cohen et al., 2021). The most recent update, GTS2020 (Gale et al., 2020), resulted in more precise dates based on improved isotopic procedures and techniques. The development of cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology provide more accurate stage durations. In addition, biostratigraphic correlation of stages in the Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm of the Tethys Realm, where most type localities lie, with other provinces has become reliably demonstrated.

Table 1. Evolution of Cretaceous Period time scale. Ages from Hinte (1976), Gradstein et al. (1995), Remane et al. (2002), Ogg et al. (2004, 2012, 2016), and Gale et al. (2020). Andean ages as recalibrated from radioisotopic dates herein.

Evolution of the Cretaceous Time Scale - Ma of Bases
AGES	1976	1995	2002	2004	2012	2016	2020	2021-ICS	Andean
Paleogene	65	65	65.5	65.5	66	66	66.04	66
Maastrichtian	70	71.3	71.3	70.6	72.1	72.1	72.17	72.1 ±0.2
Campanian	78	83.5	83.5	83.5	83.6	89.2	83.65	83.6 ±0.2
Santonian	82	85.8	85.8	85.8	86.3	86.5	85.7	86.3 ±0.5
Coniacian	86	89	89	89.3	89.8	89.8	89.39	89.8 ±0.3
Turonian	92	93.5	93.5	93.5	93.9	93.9	93.9	93.9
Cenomanian	100	98.9	98.9	99.6	100.5	100.5	100.5	100.5
Albian	108	112.2	112.2	112	113	113.1	113.7	~113
Aptian	115	121	121	125	126.3	126.3	121.4	~125
Barremian	121	127	127	130	130.8	130.8	126.5	~ 129.4	127
Hauterivian	126	132	132	136.4	133.9	134.7	132.6	~ 132.6	131
Valanginian	131	137	136.5	140.2	139.4	139.4	137.7	~ 139.8	139
Berriasian	135	144.2	142	145.5	145	145	143.1	~145	141

The use of "absolute" as an adjective for geological ages carries the connotation that the date will never change, is complete, is true, or is unlimited. A review of the Cretaceous time scale demonstrates that numerical ages of stage boundaries have changed as new data and technical methods have evolved and been applied (Table 1).

Along the eastern Pacific convergent margin of South America Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata extend from Chile to southern Argentina. Andean retroarc basins were deformed during Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time (Naipauer et al., 2012; Horton et al., 2016; Kietzmann et al., 2020, 2021a). This thick succession was deposited in a series of basins from the Abanico and Cura-Mallin basins in central Chile to the Neuquén Basin in west-central Argentina. The Lower Cretaceous strata are an essential source of chronostratigraphic data that enable correlation between the Tethys-Caucasian-Himalayan Province (sensu Page 2008 for the Tithonian) and the Andean area of the Indo-Pacific Subrealm.

New high-quality radioisotopic dates of the Tithonian-Hauterivian stages in the Neuquén Basin of the Indo-Pacific Subrealm propose important changes to the numerical age calibration of that time interval (Table 2) (Vennari et al., 2014; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, 2019; Lena et al., 2019). These measurements would shift the age of the base Berriasian by 2-4 million years and less so the bases of the Valanginian, Hauterivian and Barremian. The result would be major recalibration of the ages of all the Tithonian-Hauterivian biozones (Ogg et al., 2016; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017; Reboulet et al., 2018; Gale et al., 2020; Kietzmann et al., 2020) and potentially affects ages and durations of subjacent and suprajacent stages.

Table 2. Important radioisotopic dates of uppermost Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata.

Early Cretaceous radioisotopic dates
Authors	Method	Location	Biostratigraphy	Stage	ANDESCS Dates Mu	Radioisotope Dates (Ma)	GTS2016 FAD taxa	LOK2016DB FAD taxa
Bralower et al., 1990	Tuff, zircon, U/Pb	Grindstone Creek, California	Grantarhabdus meddii	Valanginian		137.1±0.6		139
Wan et al., 2011	SHRIMP of rhyolite	Gyangze, southern Tibet	Calcicalathina oblongata	Valanginian		136±3	139,4	139.6
Lopez-Martínez et al., 2017	Tuff, zircon, U/Pb	Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla	Calpionellites major Zone	Valanginian		134.0 ± 0.5		139.4
Lopez-Martínez et al., 2017	LAMC-ICPMS 87Sr86	Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla	Calpionellites darderi Zone	Valanginian		139.85	139.4	139.5
Lopez-Martínez et al., 2015	Zircon LA-ICPMS U/Pb	Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí	Calpionella elliptica overlies tuff above Crassicolaria	upper Berriasian		139.1±2.6	NA	139.2 LAD 139.8 LAD
Lena et al., 2019	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Puebla State, Mexico	N. steinmanni minor	Berriasian		140.51±0.03	145.5	145.9
Lena et al., 2019	Sediment rate	Puebla State, Mexico	N. steinmanni minor	Berriasian		140.7	145.5	145.9
Lena et al., 2019	Sediment rate	Puebla State, Mexico	Calpionella alpina	upper Tithonian		140.9	145.7	146.9
Liu et al., 2013	Zircon SIM U/Pb	Nagarze, southern Tibet	Manivitella pemmatoidea	Berriasian		141-140		146.2
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	El Portón, Argentina	S. riverorum	Upper Hauterivian	1290 Mu	126.97±0.15		131.3
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Neuquén Basin Argentina	P. groeberi	Upper Hauterivian	1281 Mu	127.42±0.15	NA	131.8
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Mina San Eduardo, Argentina	S. riccardii	Upper Hauterivian	1085 Mu	129.09±0.16	NA	132.9
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2008	Zircon SHRIMP U/Pb	Caepe Malal, Argentina	S. riccardii	Upper Hauterivian		132.5±1.3	NA	132.9
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, 2019	Zircon LA-ICPMS U/Pb	El Portón, Argentina	H. agrioensis	Lower Hauterivian	810 Mu	130.39±0.16	NA	134.5
Schwartz et al., 2016	Zircon SHRIMP U/Pb	Neuquén Basin Argentina	H. neuquenensis	Lower Hauterivian		130.0±0.80	NA	134.7
Vennari et al., 2014	Zircon TIMS	Las Loicas, Argentina	A. noduliferum	Berriasian	160 Mu	139.55±0.18	NA	143.9
Lena et al., 2019, Fig. 2	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Las Loicas, Argentina	A. noduliferum	Berriasian	153 Mu	139.24±0.05	NA	143.9
Lena et al., 2019	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Las Loicas, Argentina	A. noduliferum	Berriasian	130 Mu	139.96±0.06	NA	143.9
Lena et al., 2019	Bayesian age-depth	Las Loicas, Argentina	N. winteri	Berriasian		140.22±0.13	145.5	145.9
Lena et al., 2019	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Las Loicas, Argentina	R. asper	Tithonian	112 Mu	140.34±0.08	145.5	145.9
Lena et al., 2019	Bayesian age-depth	Las Loicas, Argentina	R. asper	Tithonian		140.54±0.34	145.5	145,9
Lena et al., 2019	Bayesian age-depth	Las Loicas, Argentina	R. asper	Tithonian		140.6±0.4	145.5	145.9
Lena et al., 2019	Bayesian age-depth	Las Loicas, Argentina	U. granulosa	Tithonian		141.31±0.56
Lena et al., 2019	Zircon TIMS U/Pb	Las Loicas, Argentina	Crassicolaria Zone	Tithonian	60 Mu	142.04±0.06		147.7
Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2014; Lena et al., 2019	Zircon CA-ID-TIMS	La Yesera, Argentina	Tordillo Fm. 1.5m below V. andesensis	Tithonian		147.11±0.08
Naipauer et al., 2015b	Zircon LA-ICPMS U/Pb	Las Loicas, Argentina	Tordillo Formation	Tithonian		144
Horton et al., 2016	Zircon LA-ICPMS U/Pb	Neuquén Basin, Argentina	Tordillo Formation	Tithonian		143.0±1.0 -149.5±1.2
Naipauer et al., 2015c			Tordillo Formation	Tithonian		144
Lena et al., 2019			Tordillo Formation	Kimmeridgian		147.11±0.078
Naipauer et al., 2012	Zircon U/Pb		Tordillo Formation	Kimmeridgian		152

In order to evaluate the effects of these recent numerical dates, a stratigraphic experiment was conducted to integrate new Andean biostratigraphic taxa into a relative metric numerical database. From among the many well documented outcrop stratigraphic sections twenty-three were selected to represent the Andean Tithonian-Hauterivian stages (Fig. 1 ). The second objective was to correlate the Andean zonal database with fossil zones in the Mediterranean Tethys in order to correlate the positions of stage boundaries with Andean zones. The Tethys and Andean range databases were combined and then the new radioisotope dates were projected into the database. The relative ages of first and last occurrences of nearly 250 stratigraphic events were recalibrated to new dates. These Andean stage ages are compared with GTS2020 ages. The recalibration of numerical ages of Andean stratigraphic markers has significant implications on durations of stages and zones as well as sedimentary rates and durations. Ages of Berriasian-Hauterivian stage boundaries recalibrated by different methods are compared.

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Figure 1: Location of outcrop measured sections of upper Tithonian-Hauterivan stages in Chile and Argentina that compose the ANDESCS Database. 1-Lo Valdés, Chile; 2-Cajón del Morado, Chile; 3-Cruz de Piedra, Chile; 4-Rio Maitenes, Chile; and Argentinian sections 5-Las Loicas; 6-Pampa Tril; 7-El Portón; 8-Real de las Coloradas; 9-Cerro Domuyo; 10-Mina San Eduardo; 11-Arroyo Truquico; 12-Cerro La Parva; 13-Arroyo Loncoche; 14-Cuesta del Chihuido; 15-Bardas Blancas; 16-Arroyo Rahue; 17-Los Catuto; 18a Bajada Viejo; 18b Bajada del Agrio; 19 Arroyo Cieneguita; 22b Puerta Curaco Section; and 23 Las Tapaderas Section. The composited section of Pampa Tril (6), Puerta Curaco (22b) and El Portón (7) is indicated by the triangle.

2. Material and methods

Abbreviations: CA-ID-TIMS - Chemical Abrasion Isotope-Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry; CLS - correlation line of synchroneity; DB - database; FO/LO - first and last occurrence datums in a given section; FAD/LAD - first and last appearance datums in all database sections; GSSP - global stratotype section and point; Ma - mega-annums; MU - metric units; myr - million years duration; RS - reference section; SAR - sediment accumulation rate; U-Pb - uranium-lead.

A comprehensive chronostratigraphic database of the first and last appearance datums (FAD/LAD) of ammonites, calpionellids, nannofossils, dinoflagellates, and polarity chrons in uppermost Tithonian to Maastrichtian stages from numerous public documents of outcrops and drill cores on five continents was compiled (Scott, 2014, 2019a). A subset of this database is composed of 70 Lower Cretaceous reference sections in France, Spain, Italy, Eastern Europe, North Africa, Iran, Tibet, the Atlantic basin, North and South America (Appendix 1). Included are GSSP or candidate reference sections of Berriasian to Barremian stages. This data set also includes polarity chrons M16n through M20r from nine sections in Spain, Italy and Poland and DSDP 534 core in the western Atlantic. Beginning in 2017 fossil ranges were integrated into a single database, LOK16CS DB, scaled to what then was the most recent time scale GTS2016 (Ogg et al., 2016) using the graphic correlation technique (Carney & Pierce, 1995) and the GraphCor software (Hood, 1995) (Appendix 2). GTS2020 (Gale et al., 2020) was published after this project was completed.

Bioevents and polarity chrons in the Mediterranean-Caucasian (Westernman, 2000) sections in meters/feet were cross-plotted on the Y-axis with the GTS2016 geologic time scale in mega-annums on the X-axis to create hypotheses of synchroneity between section pairs. The correlation line of synchroneity (CLS) extended the first and last species occurrences in each section (FOs, LOs) relative to ranges in other sections combining ranges in all sections, in which each taxon was present. The composited range extensions in all sections approximated first and last appearance datums (FADs, LADs) calibrated to numerical ages (Ma) (Table 3) of the 2016 Geologic Time Scale (Ogg et al., 2016). This stratigraphic experiment placed the calpionellid, nannofossil, dinoflagellate, and ammonite FADs in the predicted order relative to polarity chrons M16n through M22r (Wimbledon, 2017; Reboulet et al., 2018). The numeric ages of all taxa calibrated by this method are within less than 0.1% of the ages predicted by GTS2016.

Table 3. Numerical mega-annum ages calibrated to GTS2016/2020 of Tethys ammonites, calpionellids and calcareous nannofossils correlated with Andean ammonites and polarity chrons.

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In order to construct a quantitative database of Andean Tithonian-Hauterivian biostratigraphy twenty-three stratigraphic outcrop sections were selected from among the many excellent published data. Experienced professional geologists have measured, described, sampled, and analyzed these sections for ammonites, and where possible calpionellids, dinoflagellates, nannofossils, and polarity chrons (Appendix 3). The Andes Chronostratigraphic Database, ANDESCS DB, comprises bioevent data scaled to metric units (MUs) of the Chos Malal composite reference section (Table 4).

Because no single stratigraphic section is known in the Andes that spans the upper Tithonian-Hauterivian stages, a composited reference section was necessary in order to scale taxon ranges relative to each other. The Chos Malal reference section represents the Mendoza Group in the Neuquén Basin and was assembled by combining the Pampa Tril section at the base (Parent et al., 2015) with the overlying Puerta Curaco section (Schwarz et al., 2006; Keitzmann et al., 2021a) at the contact of the Vaca Muerta and Mulichinco formations; then the El Portón section was added above at the base of the Agrio Formation (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015, 2017) (Fig. 2 ). These sections are within 50 km of each other, two of which were studied by the same team and the third by a most experienced team. The Pampa Tri section exposes the Vaca Muerta shale with diverse ammonites (Parent et al., 2015; Vennari, 2016). The Puerta Curaco section spans the Vaca Muerta-Quintuco and Mulinchinco formations. The nearby El Portón section spans the upper Valanginian-upper Hauterivian Agrio Formation, which yields ammonites, nannofossils and a succession of radioisotope ages (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, 2019). These three sections document detailed biostratigraphy that correlates with Tethys stages (Aguirre-Urreta & Rawson, 2010).

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Figure 2: Chos Malal composite section composed of three stratigraphic sections stacked at common lithostratigraphic contacts: Vaca Muerta/Mulichinco and Mulichinco/Agrio formations to form a single reference section calibrated in meters.

As successive sections were plotted to the reference section the metric positions of FO/LOs were extended by the correlation line of synchroneity (CLS), which was positioned by the stratigraphic interpreter to align with known bioevents (Fig. 3.A-B ). For example, the Las Loicas section was plotted to the Andes database and the CLS was constrained by ammonite and nannofossil bioevents (Fig. 3.A ). The offset in the lower part of section is an artifact of stacking separately measured sections, the lower Tithonian section (Vennari et al., 2016) with the upper Tithonian-Berriasian interval (Vennari et al., 2014). The FOs of many other nannofossils were previously calibrated in the Agrio Formation and they range lower in the Vaca Muerta Formation and their ranges were extended and recalibrated at lower metric positions. Several LOs (plus signs) are left of the CLS and were extended higher-younger in the database. The calpionellid bioevents and zones were integrated from the nearby Las Loicas outcrop (Fig. 3.B ) (Kietzmann et al., 2021b) and the Arroyo Loncoche and Cuesta del Chihuido sections (Kietzmann et al., 2020). The composited ranges compose the ANDESCS Database (Table 4). The stage boundaries previously have been correlated by ammonites and nannofossils (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2005, 2017, 2019; Vennari et al., 2014). The vertical spacing and scaling of the zones are in meters of the thickness of the reference section (MUs) and do not measure zone durations.

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Figure 3: Stratigraphic correlation plots of two data sets of the Las Loicas section with the ANDESCS DB based on the Chos Malal Composite reference section (SRS) (□ signs are FOs, + signs are LOs). Sloping correlation lines (CLS) are constrained by ammonite and nannofossil bioevents. A. Nannofossil FO bioevents right of the CLS in the Agrio Formation will be extended into the Vaca Muerta Formation and their ranges will be recalibrated in meters of the reference section. B. Calpionellid and polarity chrons tightly constrain the CLS.

Table 4. Chronostratigraphic classification of ammonite zones and polarity chrons in the ANDESCS DB. Scale is metric units (MUs) in the Chos Malal composite section (SRS). Early-middle Tithonian zones after Vennari (2016); late Tithonian to Berriasian zones after Kietzmann et al. (2018); Valanginian-Hauterivian zones after Aguirre-Urreta et al. (2015, 2017, 2019); central Chilean zones after Salazar et al. (2020).

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3. Data

Stratigraphy of the Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealms. The uppermost Jurassic Tithonian Stage and the Berriasian, Valanginian and Hauterivian stages of the Lower Cretaceous System time scale were initially defined in southern France, and as of this writing only the Hauterivian at La Charce, Drôme, southern France, has been designated a Global Section Stratotype Points (GSSP) (Ogg et al., 2016; Gale et al., 2020; Mutterlose et al., 2020). Reference sections of Tithonian-Hauterivian stages, substages, ammonite, calpionellid, and nannofossil zones were calibrated to GTS2016 mega-annums in the LOK2016 DB (Table 3). Tithonian-Berriasian polarity chrons were correlated with biostratigraphic zones in 23 European sections (Grabowski & Pszczólkowski, 2006; Grabowski, 2011; Grabowski et al., 2018), nine of which are in our database.

The upper Tithonian Stage is represented in part by the LOK2016 DB by the FADs of Micracanthoceras microcanthum at 147.6 Ma, Protacanthoceras andraeai at 146.1 Ma and "Berriasella" jacobi at 145.8 Ma. Two Tithonian chitinodellid calpionellid species are Dobinella [Chitinoidella] dobeni at 147.83 Ma and Bonetilla [Chitinoidella] boneti at 147.73 Ma (systematics revised by Benzaggagh, 2021). Calcareous nannofossil events span the Tithonian-Berriasian boundary as documented by Casellato and Erba (2021). The absence of lower Tithonian ammonite zones in the LOK2016 DB indicates that this interval of the database is incomplete, because no older sections are in the DB.

The Berriasian Stage is represented in southeastern France by marine carbonates and siliciclastics with ammonite, calpionellid and calcareous nannofossil zones (Wimbledon, 2017; Reboulet et al., 2018; Wimbledon et al., 2020). The base of the Berriasian has been defined by the base of the Calpionella Zone, which was defined as the "...abrupt increase in the abundance of Calpionella alpina ... (and) ... becomes the predominate element of the fauna" (Alleman et al., 1971). Wimbledon et al. defined the C. alpina Zone more precisely as the "...the turnover from Crassicollaria and large Calpionella to small orbicular Calpionella alpina (together with Crassicollaria parvula and Tintinopsella carpathica..." (2017, p. 182). These definitions differ from the FAD of Calpionella alpina (Gale et al., 2020, p. 1025), which is diachronous (Scott, 2019a). This transition is in polarity Chron M19n.2n. The commonly used ammonite species, "Berriasella" jacobi, has been revised, most of its records challenged, and the species reassigned to Strambergella (Frau et al., 2016). These authors rejected use of the "Jacobi" Zone to define base Berriasian. The most recent revision of late Tithonian-early Berriasian ammonite biostratigraphy in the Mediterranean region replaced the former "Jacobi" Zone with a refined zonation (Szives & Főzy, 2022). Most ammonite species used to subdivide the stage are endemic to the Mediterranean region so that global substage correlation is problematic (Wimbledon, 2017). Calcareous nannofossils define effective secondary biomarkers. Candidate GSSP sections considered by the former Berriasian Working Group (BWG) at Tré Maroua and Le Chouet in France, and Puerto Escaño and Rio Argos in Spain are in LOK2016 DB. Definition of the Berriasian Stage as base of Cretaceous is reviewed by Énay (2020) and Granier et al. (2020), who proposed to define base Cretaceous at base Valanginian following Oppel. A new BWG II is discussing the issue and will officially propose the base of the Berriasian Stage, its GSSP and its role in defining (or not) the J/K boundary.

The Valanginian Stage as first defined in southern France is subdivided by ammonite zones (Bulot et al., 1993; Reboulet & Atrops, 1999; Reboulet et al., 2018 and references therein; Kenjo et al., 2021). The FAD of the ammonite "Thurmaniceras" pertransiens defines base Valanginian (Martinez et al., 2013; Reboulet et al., 2018; Kenjo et al., 2021; Szives & Fözy, 2022). Closely associated is the FAD of the calpionellid Calpionellites darderi, which is proposed as the primary marker (Ogg et al., 2016; Gale et al., 2020). The Rio Argos reference section, Caravaca, Spain, yields calpionellids, ammonites, planktic foraminifera, dinoflagellates, and polarity chrons (Hoedemaker & Leereveld, 1995; Hoedemaker et al., 2016). Other reference sections in France are the Barret-le-Bas and the Angles sections with ammonites, calpionellids and cycles (Ogg et al., 2016). Marker species in each of these sections are incorporated in LOK2016 DB. Detailed ammonite and nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Vergol section, France, is proposed as the candidate GSSP (Kenjo et al., 2021).

The Hauterivian Stage GSSP is in southeastern France where the FO of the ammonite Acanthodiscus radiatus is used as the primary marker (Ogg et al., 2004, 2016; Gale et al., 2020). The La Charce outcrop section is accepted as the GSSP with detailed ammonite zones, carbon isotope chemozones and depositional cycles (Bulot et al., 1993; Gale et al., 2020; Mutterlose et al., 2020). The base of the Barremian is defined by the FAD of the ammonite Taveraidiscus hughi in the basinal Rio Argos section (Ogg et al., 2004, 2016; Gale et al., 2020). Each of these sections is in LOK2016 DB. On the carbonate shelf the Barremian is represented by benthic foraminifers and calcareous algae (Clavel et al., 2010, in the HA-BA set of sections in LOK2016 DB).

Andean Lithostratigraphy: Uppermost Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Mendoza Group of the Neuquén Basin is composed of the lower Tithonian-Valanginian-Hauterivian Vaca Muerta, Quintuco, Mulichinco or Chachao, and Agrio formations (Aguirre-Urreta, 2001; Leanza et al., 2011; Schwarz et al., 2006; Kietzmann et al., 2020, 2021a). At its base the non-marine clastic Tordillo Formation disconformably overlies older Jurassic strata and conformably underlies the Tithonian-Valanginian Vaca Muerta Formation (Schwarz et al., 2006; Naipauer et al., 2015a, 2015b; Horton et al., 2016) (Fig. 4 ). Lower but not lowermost Tithonian ammonites are in the basal part of the Vaca Muerta (Vennari, 2014, 2016; Kietzmann et al., 2021a). This stratigraphic succession comprises three long-term cycles of paralic sandstone to flooding organic-rich marine shale to shoaling-up marl, limestone, and sandstone (Schwarz et al., 2006; Kietzmann et al., 2015, 2020).

In central Chile the Tithonian-Hauterivian Lo Valdés Formation correlates with the Mendoza Group. At its type locality near the village of Lo Valdés, Chile, the Lo Valdés overlies Jurassic andesite and is composed of four lithological subunits, a lower interval of andesite overlain by a lower sandstone interval 73 m thick, a middle siltstone interval 214 m thick, and an upper limestone interval 252 m thick (Salazar Soto, 2012; Salazar & Stinnesbeck, 2015, 2016; Salazar et al., 2020). The top of the Lo Valdés is unconformably overlain by volcanic breccia with limestone clasts. It is laterally equivalent in part with the marine Baños del Flaco Formation, which overlies Kimmeridgian continental strata (Fig. 4 ).

A 600 km north-south stratigraphic correlation cross section depicts the lithostratigraphic relations among the various formations (Fig. 4 ). This transect is approximately subparallel with the north-south Malargüe and Agrio fold and thrust belts (Horton et al., 2016; Lena et al., 2019), which is the trend of the eastern proto-Pacific Ocean shoreline.

The Tithonian to upper Berriasian Vaca Muerta Formation is composed of bituminous shale, calcareous shale, and sandstone (Leanza et al., 2011; Parent et al., 2011, 2015, 2017). Its thickness ranges from 100 to 1200 m. Regularly interbedded limestone and marlstone cycles approximate 21 ky, 90-120 ky and 400 ky frequencies (Kietzmann et al., 2018, 2020). Cyclostratigraphy and biostratigraphy suggest that the Tithonian duration was 5.67 myr and the Berriasian duration was 5.27 myr (Kietzmann et al., 2018). Four transgressive-regressive composite depositional sequences are composed of bundles of limestone and marlstone bounded by sequence boundaries SB 1-4. A basin-to-ramp succession extends from Cuesta del Chihuido, Arroyo Loncoche, Bardas Blancas, and Arroyo Rahue (Fig. 4 ) (Kietzmann et al., 2018, 2020). The 280 m-thick Arroyo Loncoche section integrates ammonite biostratigraphy and polarity chrons (Iglesia Llanos & Kietzmann, 2020). At the Pampa Tril section farther south, the Vaca Muerta contains diverse ammonite faunas and is subdivided into ammonite zones, subzones and biohorizons (Parent et al., 2015; Kietzmann et al., 2016; Vennari, 2016).

The Berriasian-lower Valanginian Quintuco Formation gradationally overlies the Vaca Muerta Formation and is up to 300 m-thick marine claystone, sandstone and limestone comprising several transgressive-regressive sequences (Schwarz et al., 2006; Leanza et al., 2011; Kietzmann et al., 2016; Garrido & Parent, 2017). It is overlain conformably to disconformably by the Valanginian Mulichinco Formation, which is composed mainly of paralic terrigenous clastic units and the upper member is composed of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate transgressive-regressive sequences (Schwarz et al., 2006, 2013; Garrido & Parent, 2017).

The Mulichinco is overlain conformably by the upper Valanginian to Hauterivian Agrio Formation. The Agrio is up to 540 m thick and is disconformably overlain by the regressive Barremian Huitrín Formation. The Agrio is composed of three members from lower to upper: the Pilmatué, Avilé and Agua de la Mula members (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017). The Pilmatué was deposited in a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp setting and is composed of limestone/marl cycles suggestive of climatic control (Kietzmann & Paulin, 2019). The Avilé is a regressive-transgressive sandstone 25 to 40 m thick that disconformably overlies marine shale and grades up into a marine unit (Schwarz et al., 2016).

Click on thumbnail to enlarge the image.

Figure 4: Stratigraphic cross section of Andean sections. Biozone numeric scale in metric units (MUs) of the Chos Malal composite section. Sequence contacts (SB) in Kietzmann et al. (2018); dated ash beds in Las Loicas and El Portón sections (dotted lines) from Vennari et al. (2014) and Aguirre-Urreta et al. (2017). Stratigraphic data from Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2005, 2007, 2015, 2017; Salazar, 2012; Vennari et al., 2014, 2016; Salazar and Stinnesbeck, 2015; Parent et al., 2015; Kietzmann et al., 2018; Kohan Martínez et al., 2018.

Andean Biostratigraphy: Andean assemblage and interval biozones are based on ammonites, calpionellids, calcareous nannofossils, and calcareous dinoflagellates that are correlated with Tithonian-upper Hauterivian stages in the Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm (Table 3) (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2005, 2007, 2015, 2017, 2019; Kietzmann et al., 2011, 2015; Lazo et al., 2009; Soto, 2012; Vennari et al., 2014, 2017; Parent et al., 2015, 2017; Salazar & Stinnesbeck, 2015, 2016; Vennari, 2016; Ivanova & Kietzmann, 2017; Kietzmann, 2017; Salazar et al., 2020; Iglesia Llanos and Kietzmann, 2020). In this stratigraphic experiment zones are defined by the FO of nominal species rather than basing zones on genera or assemblages.

In the Neuquén Basin five ammonite FO events in the Pampa Tril and Arroyo Loncoche sections and six other sections are correlated with the Tethys Tithonian Stage (Vennari, 2016; Parent et al., 2017; Kietzmann et al., 2018). Different correlation hypotheses correlate base Berriasian in the Mediterranean sections with the Vaca Muerta Formation. One interpretation correlates base of the Substeueroceras koeneni Zone at 101 MU with base Berriasian (Salazar & Stinnesbeck, 2016; Iglesia Llanos & Kietzmann, 2020). Alternative correlations of base Berriasian are either within the S. koeneni Zone (Vennari et al., 2014; Kietzmann et al., 2020, 2021a) or with the base of the Argentiniceras noduliferum Zone (Parent et al., 2015) at 115 Mu. The basal part of the Vaca Muerta Formation records polarity chrons M22r to M15r (Iglesia Llanos et al., 2017; Kohan Martinez et al., 2018). The top of polarity chron M19n at 112 MU in the ANDESCS DB is correlated above the Tithonian-Berriasian boundary and the FO of Calpionella alpina below at 81 Mu (Table 3). The FADs of several calcareous nannofossils that span the Tithonian-Berriasian boundary (Casellato & Erba, 2021) are slightly above the FAD of S. koeneni.

The FO of Neocomites wichmanni at 180 MU is correlated with base Valanginian (Aguirre-Urreta, 2001; Parent et al., 2015; Riccardi, 2015). It occurs together with Calpionellites darderi in the Cuesta del Chihuido and Puerta Curaco sections (Kietzmann et al., 2020). The early-late Valanginian boundary is correlated within the Olcostephanus atherstoni Zone (Aguirre-Urreta, 2001), which spans 429-472 MU (Table 4).

Base Hauterivian is correlated with the FO of Holcoptychites neuquensis at MU 772 in the Bajada Viejo section (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015, 2017), which is slightly above the FO of the nannofossil Retacapsa surirella at 765 MU in the El Portón section. The lower-upper boundary is at the base of the Spitidiscus riccardii Zone (Lazo et al., 2009; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019). The Hauterivian/Barremian boundary is correlated in the midst of the Sabaudiella riverorum Zone (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019; Table 3).

The first and last occurrences (FO, LO) of calcareous nannofossils have been integrated with ammonite zones of the Neuquén Basin because they support correlation with the Tethys zones (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2005, 2007, 2019; Riccardi, 2015); they are also calibrated in the ANDESCS DB (Table 3). However, ranges of some important species are not yet fully extended in the ANDESCS DB because they are reported in single sections. A succession of upper Hauterivian nannofossils, Lithraphidites bollii, C. cuvillieri, E. striatus, and Nannoconus liguis (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019) is represented in the ANDESCS DB with minor changes in the order (Table 3). Ages of nannofossils in the LOK2016 DB support the correlation of the Pilmatué Member of the Agrio Formation spanning upper Valanginian to lower Hauterivian.

In central Chile the Tithonian-lower Valanginian zones are different (Salazar et al., 2020) (Table 4). At the base of the Tithonian is the Virgatosphinctes mexicanus / Pseudolissoceras zitteli Zone, and the upper Tithonian zones are the Windhauseniceras internispinosum and Micracanthoceras microcanthum / Corongoceras alternans Zone. Base Berriasian is marked by the Berriasiella jacobi Zone; middle-upper Berriasian is the Groebericeras roccardi Zone. The lower Valanginian zone is the Thurmanniceras thurmanni / Argentiniceras fasciculatus Zone.

Paleobiogeography: A brief summary of Early Cretaceous ammonite biogeography frames the different zonal schemes used in the Mediterranean and Andean regions. The biogeographic distribution of Early Cretaceous ammonoids was influenced by a complex of interrelated factors including climate, ocean temperatures and oceanic circulation (Énay, 1972; Cecca, 1998; Westermann, 2000; Page, 2008; Lehmann et al., 2015). Endemism resulted in distinct geographic ammonite assemblages although the calpionellids and calcareous nannofossils were distributed widely (López-Martínez et al., 2017a). During the Berriasian through Hauterivian ages, the Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm of the Tethys Realm hosted a biota distinct from the Andean Indo-Pacific Subrealm (Westermann, 2000; Page 2008; Lehmann et al., 2015). However, the Berriasian "Berriasiella", Grobericeras, Spiticeras, and some Olcostephanid ammonites occupied both subrealms (Salazar et al., 2020), although, many genera were endemic to the Andes: Andiceras, Argentiniceras, Frenguelliceras, Hemispiticeras, Cuyaniceras, and Pseudoblanfordia (Riccardi, 1988; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2007; Parent et al., 2011; Vennari et al., 2012). During the Valanginian Age Olcostephanids were widely distributed from Mediterranean-Caucasian, Pacific to Andean basins including Neocomites, Kilianella, Sarasinella, and Thurmanniceras (Aguirre-Urreta, 1998; Aguirre-Urreta & Rawson, 1999; Rawson, 2007; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2008a). Endemism increased in Andean basins during the latest Valanginian when common Neocomitidae genera were Pseudofavrella, Chacantuceras and Decliveites (Aguirre-Urreta & Rawson, 2003, 2010). During the Hauterivian Age Tethys Indo-Pacific genera in the Andean basins were Holcoptychites, Favrella, Jeannoticeras, and Plesiospitidiscus. The characteristic early Hauterivan genera differ from the late Hauterivian genera (Lehmann et al., 2015). These genera comprise the basis of Andean Berriasian-Hauterivian biostratigraphy (Aguirre-Urreta & Rawson, 2003, 2010).

Andean Magnetostratigraphy: Polarity chrons are key to correlating Andean biozones with Tethys Mediterranean stages. The Tithonian-Berriasian polarity sequence in the Neuquén Basin is defined in the Vaca Muerta Formation at Arroyo Loncoche (Kietzmann et al., 2018b; Iglesia Llanos & Kietzmann, 2020) and at the Los Catutos section (Kohan Martínez et al., 2018). The Tithonian-Berriasian boundary has been consistently correlated in the middle of polarity chron M19n.2n (Ogg et al., 2016; Wimbledon et al., 2020). In the Neuquén Basin this unit correlates with the lower part of the Substeueroceras koeneni Zone in the Vaca Muerta Formation (Kietzmann et al., 2018b). The lower-upper Tithonian boundary has been correlated with polarity chron M20n (Ogg et al., 2016) and at the base of the Windhauseniceras internispinosum Zone (Kietzmann et al., 2018b; Kohan Martínez et al., 2018) (Table 3). The new radioisotpic age of 140.3 Ma projects at 112 MUs in the Vaca Muerta Formation, which correlates with polarity chron M19n (Table 3).

Tithonian-Hauterivian Radioisotope Dates: In the past thirteen years numerous new radioisotopic dates spanning the Tithonian-Hauterivian stages have been added to previous ages in GTSS2016 and GTS2020 (Table 2). Prior to that date only five numerical ages had been published and numerical ages in the Geologic Time Scale were estimated by the polarity time scale (Ogg et al., 2012, 2016). However, the new Argentinian dates would significantly alter the Early Cretaceous time scale by 1-4 myr. Most new dates are based on euhedral zircon crystals extracted from ash beds. Such dates are quite precise because selected crystals were apparently deposited penecontemporaneously and were not reworked or displaced down-section or altered (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015, 2017, 2019; Lena et al., 2019). Each date was related to a bioevent and its correlative stage (Table 2) (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019; Lena et al., 2019).

Radioisotopic U/Pb dates of detrital zircon crystals in the Tordillo Formation underlying the Tithonian Vaca Muerta Formation range in age from 275 Ma to 144 Ma and indicate that the Jurassic Andean arc was the primary sediment source and that older igneous sources contributed minor amounts (Naipauer et al., 2015c). Dates from the basal interval of the Tordillo of 149.5±1.2 Ma and from a higher bed of 143.0±1.0 Ma (Horton et al., 2016; Naipauer et al., 2015a, 2015b) suggest that the Tithonian Stage may be younger than 152.1 Ma as in GTS2016.

Five volcanic tuff beds in the Tithonian-Berriasian Vaca Muerta Formation at the Las Loicas section (Vennari et al., 2014; Lena et al., 2019) are dated by U-Pb zircons or the Bayesian age-depth model. A date of 142.04±0.17 Ma is in the Crassicolaria Zone (Table 2). Four dates are associated with uppermost Tithonian nannofossil FADs: 140.6±0.4 Ma, 140.54±0.34 Ma, 140.34±0.18 and 140.22±0.13 Ma (Table 2). These dates are interpolated into the ANDESCS DB database by their co-occurrence with ammonites, calpionellids and nannofossils (Table 3).

The base of the uppermost Tithonian-lower Berriasian Substeueroceras koeneni Zone in the Las Loicas section underlies an ash bed dated at 140.34±0.08 Ma, which is within polarity Chron M19n. The middle Berriasian Argentiniceras noduliferum Zone and the FO of Nannoconus kamptneri minor are bracketed by the dates of 140.34±0.08 Ma and 139.96±0.06 Ma. The Spiticeras damesi Zone is dated at 139.24±0.05 Ma. The FO of basal Valanginian C. darderi and N. wichmanni are projected directly above these dates. These ages are significantly younger than calibrated in GTS2016 and in LOK2016 DB (Scott, 2019a). Based on these radioisotopic dates, Vennari et al. (2014) and Lena et al. (2019) proposed that the numerical age of the base Berriasian should be 141.0 Ma, which is four myr younger than in GTS2016 (Ogg et al., 2016) and about two myr younger than 143.1 Ma in GTS2020.

In the Valanginian-Hauterivian Agrio Formation, zircons from four ash beds date Hauterivian biozones (Fig. 4 ) (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015, 2017, 2019; Kohan Martínez et al., 2017; Rawson et al., 2017). The Olcostephanus laticosta Zone in the middle of the Pilmatué Member is dated at 130.39±0.16 Ma (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015). The tuff bed in the Agua de la Mula Member about 7 m above the top of the Avilé Member in the Spitidiscus riccardii Zone was first dated at 132.5±1.3 Ma by SHRIMP U-Pb on zircons (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015) and subsequently a CA-ID TIMS date at 129.09±0.04 Ma. The upper part of the Paraspiticeras groeberi Zone was dated at 127.42±0.03 Ma (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017) and the Sabaudiella riverorum zone that spans the Hauterivian-Barremian boundary was dated by CA-ID-TIMS at 126.97 +/- 0.04 Ma (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019).

Numerical ages in the LOK2016 DB are constrained by nine radioisotopic dates (Table 2).

Dates of Valanginian Stage calpionellids and calcareous nannofossils in Mexico, California and Tibet range between 139.85 and 134.0 Ma.

1. The upper lower Berriasian Calpionella elliptica Zone in the Lower Tamaulipas Formation in Morelos, Mexico, is dated at 140.512±0.031 Ma by U-Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS from an ash bed (Lena et al., 2019). This date suggests that the base of the Berriasian Stage must be older than proposed by Lena et al. (2019).

2. The Berriasian/Valanginian boundary in the Lower Tamaulipas Formation in eastern Mexico is dated at 139.85 Ma by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of a limestone 0.4 m above the FO of Calpionellites darderi (López-Martínez et al., 2017b).

3. The overlying upper Valanginian Calpionellites major Subzone is dated at 134.0±0.5 Ma by U-Pb of zircons from a felsic tuff. Thus, the duration of the Valanginian is at least 5.85 myr compared to 5.1 myr in GTS2020 (Gale et al., 2020).

4. An uppermost Berriasian-lowermost Valanginian calpionellid assemblage in the Pimienta Formation near San Luis Potosí overlies a bentonite bed, from which zircons were dated by U-Pb at 139.1±2 Ma (López-Martínez et al., 2015, Table 1), although, the average age of 20 "best ages" is 141.17 Ma.

5. In the California Coastal Range in the Great Valley Sequence, zircons from two tuff beds 64.6 m apart were dated by U-Pb at 137.1±1.6/-0.6 Ma (Bralower et al., 1990). The lower tuff bed directly underlies the Valanginian assemblage of Cretarhabdus angustiforatus and a few meters above are the FOs of Micrantholithus hoschulzii and Rhagodiscus nebulosus.

6. In southern Tibet the uppermost Tithonian-Berriasian-Valanginian succession was recognized by ammonite and calcareous nannofossil assemblages (Liu et al., 2013; Wan et al., 2011). Ash beds yielded zircons dated from 140.0±1.3 to 141.8±1.2 Ma by SIMS U-Pb.

7. An ash bed dated at 141±1 is bracketed by the FOs of three upper Tithonian-Valanginian calcareous nannofossils.

8. In a separate Tibetan section, an ash bed overlying the C. oblongata Zone is dated at 136 Ma (Wan et al., 2011).

9. The age of the base Albian Stage is constrained by a date of 113.1±0.3 Ma by ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U of zircons from an ash bed in the Gault Formation, Vöhrum, Germany (Selby et al., 2009), which in GTS2020 is 113.2 (Gale et al., 2020).

4. Results

Correlation of Andean zones with Mediterranean Tithonian-Hauterivian Stages: Standard European stage boundaries can be correlated with the Andean sections by means of nannofossils, calpionellids and polarity chrons that are in both the LOK2016 DB and the ANDESCS DB. Stratigraphic positions in the former database are in mega-annums and in the latter database positions are scaled in meters (MUs) of the Chos Malal reference section.

The two data sets were correlated by plotting the LOK2016 DB in MA on the X-axis, and the ANDESCS DB on the Y-axis in MUs (Fig. 5 ). The black correlation lines (CLS) on the X/Y plots project stage boundaries defined in European reference sections with the Andean standard ammonite zones. On the right side of the plot are the FOs of Andean ammonites and their numerical ages in Ma are derived by projecting to the Mediterranean data by the CLS.

The first correlation hypothesis in the Vaca Muerta Formation (black, bold, dashed CLS) is constrained by tops of polarity chrons and the Agrio Formation is correlated by fossil FADs or LADs (Fig. 5 ). The plot has three segments at two bends, and the contact between the Quintuco and Mulichinco formations separates segments three and four. The lower segment in the Vaca Muerta Formation is constrained by the tops of polarity chrons M22n through M16n (plus signs). Nannofossil and calpionellid FOs (squares) also constrain the line including the FO of Calpionellites darderi (Fig. 5 ). Several Andean FO bioevents are above and left of the line because they have not been recorded lower in the Vaca Muerta; conversely several FOs to the right of the line (not shown) will be extended older in the LOK2016 DB, which incorporates few Tithonian sections and species. The second CLS segment spans the upper part of the Vaca Muerta and the Quintuco and Mulichinco formations; it is unconstrained by bioevents because none of the fossiliferous sections of the Quintuco and Mulichinco formations are in the ANDES Database, although a few Berriasian and lower Valanginian ammonites are in the Quintuco (Schwarz et al., 2006; Garrido & Parent, 2017). The Mulichinco overlies the L. riveroi Zone and underlies the P. angulatiformis Zone and in its uppermost intervals O. atherstoni and O. permolestus are present where the Mulichinco grades into the Agrio (Schwarz et al., 2006).

In the Agrio Formation two correlation interpretations are reasonable. The black CLS A is constrained by nannofossil FOs and LOs, and it will extend fewer LOs than alternate CLSs. At its base is the FO of Eiffellithus striatus, which is a well-established upper Valanginian bioevent in both databases and GTS2016 (Bown et al., 1998). The FOs of a number of other nannofossils are left of the CLS and would be projected lower in Andean strata but have yet to documented there. The upper part of the black CLS A is tightly constrained by the LOs of the nannofossils Tubodiscus verenae, Cruciellipsis cuvillieri, and Lithraphidites bolli. To the right of the CLS is a stack of numerous other nannofossils that have longer ranges. To the left side of CLS A is a smaller group of LOs that are younger in the Andes than in sections in the LOK2016 DB. Their range ages will be extended by the Andean data set.

The second correlation interpretation places the red CLS through the nine radioisotopic ages (red polygons, Fig. 5 ). The correlation line in the lower part of the Vaca Muerta Formation would date it much younger than ages of polarity chrons in GTS2016 and GTS2020. Also, the Agrio Formation would be younger than projected by the LOK2016 DB.

Click on thumbnail to enlarge the image.

Figure 5: Correlation plot of LOK2016 DB (X-axis) in mega-annums (Ma) with ANDESCS DB (Y-axis) in metric units (MUs). Berriasian, Valanginian, Hauterivian, and Barremian stage boundaries defined at Tethys reference sections. Polygons are radioisotopic dates of Andean ash beds. Black dashed correlation lines are tied to polarity chrons M22n to M16n and calcareous nannofossils. Dotted lines project standard stage boundaries into Andean sections.

The slopes of the CLSs represent sediment accumulation rates (SARs), not sedimentation rates because these rocks have been compacted and lithified. The SAR of the Vaca Muerta Formation increases from 0.050 mm/kyr to 0.344 mm/kyr. The SAR of the combined Mulichinco and Agrio formations is estimated at 0.633 mm/kyr by CLS A and 0.851 mm/kyr. Because the base of the Mulichinco varies from conformable to unconformable across the basin (Schwarz et al., 2006), the duration of the hiatus in Figure 5 is not estimated.

The black CLSs of this stratigraphic experiment correlates base Berriasian at MU 107 above the FO of S. koeneni at MU 101. This is consistent with correlations that place base Berriasian within the S. koeneni Zone (Leanza et al., 2011; Salazar Soto, 2012; Salazar & Stinnesbeck, 2015; Kietzmann et al., 2018, 2021a). Base Valanginian projects at MU 180 at the base of the N. wichmanni Zone and FO of C. darderi, which is consistent with projections by Leanza et al. (2011) and Kietzmann et al. (2018) among others. Base of the Hauterivian Stage is projected at MU 720 below the base of the Holcoptychites neuquensis Zone at 772 Mu, which is lower than previous correlations (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, 2019). Base of Barremian Stage as defined in the Mediterranean sections, projects into the S. riverorum Zone below the unconformable contact between the Agrio and Huitrín formations consistent with previous correlations (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017).

The base of the Mulichinco Formation, base of the Middle Mendoza Subgroup, is bracketed in the middle part of the Valanginian Stage (Kietzmann et al., 2020) and may correlate with the 136.4 Ma sea-level event of Haq (2014) and the intra-Valanginian unconformity in the Texas Gulf Coast (Scott, 2019b). The unconformity at base of Avilé Member of the Agrio Formation, base of the Upper Mendoza Subgroup, may correlate with the 132.8 Ma or the 131.8 Ma mid Hauterivian sea-level event (Haq, 2014).

The X/Y plot of the Andean data with the LOK2016 data correlates Andean biozones with Tethys biozones and interpolates numerical ages for the FOs (Table 4). These correlations generally reproduce those of the Tithonian-Berriasian (Riccardi, 2015). The calpionellid zonal schemes of Riccardi differ in some details from that of Lakova and Petrova (2013), so the correlations differ. However, both schemes correlate similarly with polarity chrons. The calcareous nannofossil zones in both regions are based on FAD/LADs and reproduce those of Aguirre-Urreta et al. (2019).

Stage and Ammonite Zone Durations: Calculating durations of Tithonian and Lower Cretaceous stages and associated ammonite zones by different methods tests numerical ages of stage boundaries (Fig. 6 ). Cyclostratigraphic astrochronologic calibration of stage durations is an important tool to calibrate numerical ages of stage boundaries. However, the durations vary depending on the stratigraphic sections, the boundary criteria and the methods. The GTS2020 time scale measures the duration of base Berriasian to top Hauterivian at 16.5 myr (Fig. 6.C ). New dates from the Neuquén Basin measure the duration of this interval at 14.35 Myr (Fig. 6.D ). This stratigraphic experiment estimates the duration of the upper part of the Tithonian Stage into the lower part of the Valanginian Stage in the Vaca Muerta and Quintuco formations to be about 15 myr (Fig. 5 ).

Cyclostratigraphic astrochronology of the Vaca Muerta Formation calculated the durations of the Tithonian Stage at least 5.67 myr and the Berriasian Stage at 5.27 myr (Fig. 6.E ) (Kietzmann et al., 2018, 2020) compared with durations of 6.1 and 5.4 myr in GTS2020 (Fig. 6.C ; Gale et al., 2020; Hesselbo et al., 2020).

The duration of the Valanginian Stage may have been up to 6 myr duration based on the Sr isotope date of 139.85 Ma and the U-Pb zircon date of 134.0 Ma in eastern Mexico (Table 2). However, radio-astrochronology calibrated the duration at 5.08 myr in French and Spanish reference sections using the FO of Tirnovella pertransiens as the base Valanginian (Martinez et al., 2013, 2015). A slightly shorter duration of 4.74 myr was measured in the Angles section, France, where base Valanginian is defined at FO Calpionellites darderi and its top at FO of Acanthodiscus radiatus (data from Busnardo et al., 1979, Fig. 8E). The mid-point duration of this range is 5.3 myr, which is used here to calculate stage boundary ages (Fig. 6.E ).

The duration of the Hauterivian Stage ranges from 5.96 to 5.21 myr. In French reference sections four cyclostratigraphic astrochronologic studies measured the duration from 5.3 myr to 5.93±0.41 myr (Martinez et al., 2015). In the Neuquén Basin at El Portón in the Agrio Formation precise CA-ID TIMS U-Pb radioisotopic dates, biostratigraphy and astrochronology of bedding cycles calculated the duration of the Hauterivian at 5.21±0.08 myr (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019). Low-frequency eccentricity cycles of the Agrio Formation at Arroyo Loncoche calculated the duration of the Hauterivian at 5.96 myr (Kietzmann et al., 2020). The mid-point age of 5.585 myr is rounded to 5.6 myr as Hauterivian duration.

The graphic correlation experiment of the Neuquén Basin data presents two possible interpretations of the Hauterivian duration (Fig. 5 ). Correlation line A estimates the duration at 5.15 myr, close to the proposed 5.21 myr duration. It is constrained at base of the Agrio Formation by the FO of Eiffellithus striatus with an age of 135.30 Ma (Appendix 2). The FAD of E. striatus is uppermost Valanginian (GTS2016, Ogg et al., 2016). The top of correlation line A at 130 Ma is constrained by a cluster of late Hauterivian nannofossil LADs (Bown et al., 1998): Cruciellipsis cuvillieri, Eiffellithus striatus and Lithraphidites bollii (Fig. 5 ).

Correlation hypothesis B calibrates the duration at 5.18 myr. Correlation line B is constrained by the set of four radioisotopic dates with an age of 132.15 Ma at the base of the Agrio and 126.97 Ma at its top. These durations assume a uniform rate of accumulation of the Avilé Member with no significant hiatus, which assumptions need to be fully evaluated. Longer durations could be represented between these two hypotheses by correlation lines with lower slopes. The range of durations calculated by astrochronology from 5.21 myr to 5.93 myr suggests that the assumptions should also be reevaluated as noted by Martinez et al. (2015).

Kietzmann et al. (2018, 2020) estimated the durations of Tithonian-Berriasian ammonite zones in the Vaca Muerta Formation by the number of 405 myr-period depositional cycles. Durations calculated by this method are compared to durations measured between the FADs of each zonal species in LOK2016 DB (Table 5, Appendix 2). Most zonal durations estimated by the graphic method are longer than those measured by cyclostratigraphy because the graphic method relates the zonal ages to ages of polarity chrons in GTS2016. In contrast, zonal durations measured using the Andean radioisotopic dates are much shorter.

Table 5. Comparison of durations of Andean ammonite zones with revisions by new radioisotopic dates.

Zone	Durations kyr
	Kietzmann, 2018	LOK2016DB	Revised Age Ma	Duration
N. wichmanni			139.51
S. damesi	1.62	2.09	140.09	0.58
A. noduliferum	0.81	1.61	140.14	0.05
S. koeneni	2.43	0.95	140.7	0.56
C. alternans	1.21	2.11	141.28	0.58
W. interspinosum	1.21	1.63	141.52	0.24
A. proximus	0.61	0.65	141.59	0.07
P. zitteli	0.61	1.38	141.74	0.15
V. andesensis	0.81	1.56	141.91	0.17

5. A revised Berriasian-Hauterivian Time Scale

Since 2016 four studies have revised the Berriasian-Hauterivian time scale (Fig. 6.A-D ). New radioisotopic dates and cyclostratigraphic astrochronologic durations from the Neuquén Basin revise the ages of these stages. If the age of one stage is dated consistently be several methods, it can anchor ages of other stages by adding or subtracting stage durations. Using this method, the ages of other stage boundaries are proposed (Fig. 6.E ).

The base of the Valanginian Stage in Mediterranean sections is consistently defined by the FAD of "Thurmanniceras" pertransiens and alternatively by Calpionellites darderi (Reboulet et al., 2018) and secondarily by calcareous nannofossil biomarkers. The dates range between 140 Ma and 139 Ma in Argentina, Mexico, California, and Tibet (Table 2). The mid-point date of 139.5 Ma is used here as the numerical age of the Berriasian/Valanginian boundary. In the Neuquén Basin base Valanginian correlates with the base of the Neocomites wichmanni Zone, which is projected to range in age from 139.45 to 139.16 Ma by the graphical plot (Fig. 5 ).

By adding the astrochronologically derived durations of the Berriasian (5.27 myr) and Tithonian (5.67 myr) to 139.50, a recalibrated age of base Berriasian is 144.77 Ma and Tithonian is 150.44 Ma (Fig. 6.E ). New radioisotope dates of the two lowermost Berriasian zones that span Tithonian-Berriasian, Nannoconnus steinmanni minor and Argentiniceras noduliferum, are younger ranging from 140.7 Ma to 137.9 Ma (Table 2). Lena et al. (2019, Fig. 4) estimated the age of this boundary between 141.0 and 140.7 Ma below an ash bed dated at 140.34±0.18 Ma (Table 2). The age of 152.1 Ma at base of the Tithonian Stage (Fig. 6.A ; Ogg et al., 2016) was supported by astronomical calibration (Huang, 2018). GTS2020 revised the age to 149.24 Ma (Hesselbo et al., 2020). A new radioisotopic date of 147.112±0.078 Ma in the Tordillo Formation 1.5 m below the lower but not lowest Tithonian Virgatosphinctes andesensis Zone in the Vaca Muerta Formation is consistent with the GTS2020 age (Table 2; Lena et al., 2019, p. 10).

The base of the Hauterivian Stage is recalibrated at 134.20 Ma by subtracting the Valanginian duration of 5.30 myr from 139.50 Ma. However, a range of radioisotopic dates between 132 to 130.5 Ma near the stage base (Table 2) is younger even than the GTS2020 age of 132.6 Ma (Fig. 6.C ). In the Neuquén Basin base Hauterivian is correlated with the base of the Holcoptychites neuquensis Zone (Aguirre-Urreta, 2001); the FO of this taxon is dated at 131.16 Ma (Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019). An alternative age of 131.96±1.0 Ma was derived from a radioisotopically dated tuff bed in the Neuquén Basin constrained biostratigraphically (Martinez et al., 2015). The graphic plot to the new radioisotopic date of 130.40 Ma (Fig. 5 ) would recalibrate the base age at 130.49 Ma. A new date of 130.39±0.16 Ma in the middle of the N. neuquensis Zone in the Pilmatúe Member of the Agrio Formation (Table 2) is consistent with these ages. This new data suggests an age of 132 to 131 Ma for base Hauterivian, thus the duration of the Valanginian would be longer than calculated. The incompatibility between Hauterivian ages derived by stage durations and radioisotope dates is yet to be resolved.

The top of the Hauterivian is recalibrated at 128.60 Ma by subtracting the mean duration of 5.60 myr from the recalibrated age of 134.20 Ma (Fig. 6.E ). In the Neuquén Basin top Hauterivian correlates approximately within the Sabaudiella riverorum Zone at the top of the Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation. The FO of S. riverorum coincides with a new radioisotopic date of 126.97 Ma. Martinez et al. (2012, 2015) dated top Hauterivian at 126.02±1.0 Ma by cyclostratigraphy.

Click on thumbnail to enlarge the image.

Figure 6: Comparison of five recent time scales of Tithonian to Barremian stages. Column A, Ogg et al. (2016); B, International Commission on Stratigraphy (Cohen et al., 2021); C, Gale et al. (2020); D, composited time scale of Martinez et al. (2013, 2015), Kietzmann et al. (2018), Aguirre-Urreta et al. (2019), and Lena et al. (2019); E, alternative time scale based on stage durations anchored on base Valanginian dated at 139.50Ma.

6. Conclusions

The graphic correlation experiment of twenty-three sections in the Andean part of the Indo-Pacific Subrealm span middle Tithonian to Hauterivian stages and integrates ranges of 254 species, sequence boundaries, polarity chrons, and radioisotopic ages that compose the ANDESCS DB. This database accurately reproduces the order of the Andean ammonite zones and places them in a relative metric scale of the Chos Malal reference section. This composite of three measured sections represents continuous deposition throughout this time interval in the Neuquén Basin. This achievement demonstrates that the ANDESCS DB is reliable so that correlation with standard reference sections in the Mediterranean-Caucasian Subrealm will produce meaningful results. A larger database of 70 sections and 877 stratigraphic markers primarily in the Mediterranean-Caucasus Subrealm compose the LOK2016 DB and prior to publication of GTS2020 was calibrated to GTS2016. This database contains the standard reference sections of the Berriasian, Valanginian and Barremian stages and the Hauterivian GSSP.

The X/Y plot of the LOK2016 DB to ANDESCS DB projects boundaries of the Berriasian, Hauterivian and Barremian stages as defined in the Mediterranean region into the ANDESCS DB. This stratigraphic experiment confirms the approximate correlation of stages defined by endemic ammonites and cosmopolitan calcareous nannofossils. The FO of Substeueroceras koeneni is latest Tithonian. The base of the Valanginian correlates with the FOs of Neocomites wichmanni and Calpionellites darderi. These two bioevents are younger than three new upper Berriasian dates that average 139.58 Ma, which is consistent with an age of 139.50 Ma at base Valanginian. This age of the base Valanginian defined by Calpionellites darderi is confidently confirmed by multiple dates in Argentina, Mexico, Tibet, and California. The base of the Hauterivian projects between the FOs of Pseudofavrella angulatiformis and Holcoptychites neuquensis. Top of the Hauterivian Stage is projected into the uppermost part of the Agrio Formation in the Sabaudiella riverorum Zone.

A revised time scale of the Tithonian to Hauterivian stages is recalibrated by adding or subtracting stage durations from the age of base Valanginian Stage, which is dated consistently by various methods in widely separate sections. Durations of the have been measured by different methods in both subrealms, so they are reliable. The age of the Tithonian base is proposed at 150.40 Ma, base Berriasian Stage at 144.77 Ma, base Valanginian at 139.50 Ma, base Hauterivian at 134.20 Ma, and top Hauterivian at 128.60 Ma.

The new radioisotopic ages in the Neuquén Basin would result in several significant differences if adopted. The ages of most of the biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic events would be recalibrated much younger. The duration of the Jurassic would increase by up to 4 myr. The rates of sediment accumulation would increase dramatically. The durations of ammonite zones would be reduced to unreasonable numbers. The precise ages of Tithonian to Barremian stage boundaries will continue to evolve as new data become available from other localities.

Acknowledgements

This stratigraphic correlation experiment was possible only because of superb research by the international community of Cretaceous stratigraphers, biostratigraphers, magnetostratigraphers, and radioisotopic geochemists, who have documented an enormous amount of high quality data during many decades. I am particularly grateful to the late Luc G. Bulot for sharing his original ammonite data from the French sections and encouraging the compilation of the Cretaceous database. The methodology of quantitative stratigraphy by graphic correlation was pioneered by Alan Shaw and the software by Kenneth Hood. The former Berriasian Working Group (International Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy) under the leadership of W.A.P. Wimbledon has produced a large volume of reliable and essential stratigraphic data spanning the Tithonian-Berriasian stage boundary in a global set of sections (Wimbledon, 2017; Wimbledon et al., 2020). Granier et al. (2020) have thoughtfully reviewed the history and issues surrounding definition of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Helpful reviews by Dr. Beatriz Aguirre-Urreta, Dr. Diego A. Kietzmann, Dr. Ottilia Szives, Dr. Jacek Grabowski, Dr. Christian A. Salazar Soto, and an anonymous reviewer materially improved the accuracy of this stratigraphic experiment, but this author is responsible for all interpretations. 

This research received no specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. It has been self-funded by Precision Stratigraphy Associates.

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Appendices

Appendix 1: List of sections and sources of biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data in LOK2016DB. Catalog numbers are used by GraphCor software.

Catalog #-Name:	Reference
CRET.16 Standard Reference Section-2016 Geologic Time Scale:	Ogg et al., 2012, Figs. 13.4, 27.6, Table 27.2-3, Appendix 2
LOK.1 DSDP 534 Blake Plateau:	Sheridan et al., 1983
LOK.2 DSDP 535 Blake Plateau:	Buffler et al., 1984
LOK.3 Rio Argos section, Spain, Barremian Candidate GSSP:	Coccioni & Premoli-Silva, 1994; Hoedemaeker & Leereveld, 1995
LOK.5 Santa Rosa Canyon, Mexico:	Blauser & McNulty, 1980; Ice & McNulty, 1980
LOK.6 Berrias Section, France (Galbrun et al.):	Galbrun et al., 1986, Fig. 2
LOK.6B Berrias Section, France (Le Hegarat):	Le Hégarat & Remane, 1968, Table VII, p. 45; Le Hégarat, 1971, Table 7
LOK.7 ODP 638B & C, Offshore Spain:	Applegate & Bergen, 1988; Masure, 1988, Figs. 2-3
LOK.8 Bosso Valley, Italy:	Housa et al., 2004
LOK.10 Barret-le-Bas Section, France:	Busnardo et al., 1979, p. 44, Fig. 13; p. 90, Fig. 28; p. 105, Fig. 30; Bulot, 1995, Figs. 3, 6-7
LOK.11 Angles Section, France:	Busnardo et al., 1979
LOK.12 Angles Section (Bulot 1993):	Bulot et al., 1993, Table VI, p. 27, VII, p. 30, Table VIII, p. 35, XII, p. 44, XIV. Bulot, 1995
LOK.13 La Charce Section, France 1995, Hauterivian GSSP:	Bulot et al., 1993, Table VI, p. 27, VII, p. 30, Table VIII, p. 35, XII, p. 44, XIV. Bulot, 1995
LOK.13b La Charce Section, France 2008, Hauterivian GSSP:	Reboulet, 2008, Figs. 2.1, 3.1
LOK.14 Curnier Section, France:	Bulot et al., 1993, Table III, p. 22
LOK.15 Moriez (St-Firmin) Section, France:	Bulot et al., 1993, Table IV, p. 24
LOK.16 Baumugne Section, France:	Bulot et al., 1993, Table V, p. 25
LOK.17 La Charce Combe Reboul, France:	Bulot et al., 1993; Bulot, 1995, this is a key reference section for 2 Upper Hauterivian zones
LOK.18 Chamaloc-Col du Rousset, France:	Bulot et al., 1992, Fig. 1.7, p. 40; Hoedemaeker, 2013
LOK.19 Mont Aiguille I, Vercors, France:	Busnardo et al., 1991
LOK.20 Mont Aiguille II, Vercors, France:	Busnardo et al., 1991
LOK.21 Miravetes Section, Spain:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 3
LOK.22 Canada Lengua Section, Spain:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 4
LOK.23 Canada Lengua-2 Section, Spain, Valanginian Candidate GSSP:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 5
LOK.24 Barlya Section, Bulgaria:	Lakova et al., 1997, Fig. 1
LOK.25 Gyangze Section, Tibet :	Wan et al., 2010.
LOK.26 Fiume Bosso Section, Italy:	Lowrie & Channell, 1984, magnetostratigraphic data; Bralower et al., 1989, Fig. 3, p. 162
LOK.27 Fonte Giordano Section, Italy:	Bralower et al., 1989, Fig. 4, p. 163
LOK.28 Puerto Escaño Section, South Spain, base Berriasian:	Caracuel et al., 2000; Pruner et al., 2010
LOK.29 Grindstone Creek, California:	Bralower et al., 1990
LOK.30 Miravetes-1 Rio Argos, Spain:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 3
LOK.31 Canada Luenga-2 Rio Argos, Spain:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 4
LOK.32 Canada Luenga-3 Rio Argos, Spain:	Aguado et al., 2000, Fig. 5
LOK.34 Tang-E Asbu, Kuh-E Ginau, Iran:	Edgell, 1967, Fig. 8
LOK.35 Le Chouet, Drome, SE France:	Wimbledon et al., 2013; Frau et al., 2015, Fig. 1, p. 118; Frau et al., 2016, Fig. 1
LOK.36 Crimea West:	Arkadiev et al., 2018
LOK.37 Crimea East:	Arkadiev et al., 2018
LOK.38 Leube Quarry, Salzburg, Austria:	Bujtor et al., 2013
LOK.39 Guidaloca Section, NW Sicily:	Andreini et al., 2007, Figs. 2, 4
LOK.40 Dieni I & II Section, W Sicily:	Andreini et al., 2007, Fig. 3
LOK.41 Polaveno Italy:	Channell & Erba, 1992; Channell et al., 1995, Fig. 12, Table 2
LOK.42 Jebel Rheouis Section, Tunisia:	Maaloui & Zargouni, 2016
LOK.43 Jebel Meloussi Section, Tunisia:	Maaloui & Zargouni, 2016
LOK.44 Nara section, Tunisia:	Maaloui & Zargouni, 2016
LOK.45 Sidi Kralif section, Tunisia:	Maaloui & Zargouni, 2016
LOK.49 Nutzhof Section 2009, Austria [2009+2010]:	Rehakova et al., 2009; Lukenender et al., 2010, Figs. 2, 6
LOK.52 Bruzovice Section, West Carpathians:	Skupien & Doupovcova, 2019
LOK.56 SGT Section, Turkey:	Atasoy, S.G., 2017, ranges from Appendices A-B; Atasoy et al., 2018
LOK.57A Wadi Mi'iadin, Oman 1987:	Simmons & Hart 1987, Fig. 10.7-8, .10-11.
LOK.57B Wadi Mi'iadin, Oman 1990:	Scott, 1990
LOK.57C Wadi Mi'iadin, Oman 2016:	Celestino et al., 2016
LOK.60 Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico:	Lopez-Martinez et al., 2015, Fig. 8
LOK.61 Poznachowice Dolne, Poland:	Kedzierski & Ochabska, 2012, Fig. 3, Table 1
LOK.62 Tre Maroua, Drome, SE France	Wimbledon et al., 2020
LOK.63 Rancho San Vicente, SW Cuba:	Pszczółkowski & Myczyński, 2010; López-Martínez et al., 2013
LOK.64 Ain Hammouch, Morocco Val-Haut:	Wippich, 2003, Fig. 5
LOK.65 65 Torre de Busi section Italy:	Erba & Quadrio, 1987; Andreini et al., 2007; Casellato & Erba, 2020, Fig. 5
LOK.66 66 Mt. Pernice section Italy:	Erba & Quadrio, 1987; Casellato & Erba, 2020, Fig. 6
LOK.69 69 Yavorets section, Bulgaria:	Petrova et al., 2019, Fig. 3
LOK.70 Vergol section, France, Vocontian Basin, France:	Kenjo et al.,2021
HA-BACS.1 Catalog File of Hauterivian-Barremian Carbonates:	HA-BA.1 Pont de Laval, France;  HA-BA. 2 Pas de l'Essaure, France;  HA-BA. 3 Mont Aiguille, France;  HA-BA. 4 Grands Goulets, France;  HA-BA. 5 Combe de Bella Cha, France;  HA-BA. 6 Pic de l'Oeillette, Chartreuse, France;  HA-BA. 7 Chames Vivarais, France;  HA-BA. 8 Arredons Vivarais, France.  Urgo.1 Col de Rousset, SE France, Arnaud et al., 1998, Fig. 21.  Urgo.2 Gorges du Nant, Arnaud et al., 1998, Fig. 27.  Urgo.3 Gorges du Frou, Arnaud et al., 1998, Fig. 28.  Urgo.4 Rocher de Cluses, Arnaud et al., 1998, Fig. 29.   MIDK.102 La Russille, Switzerland;  MIDK 103 Vaulion, Switzerland;  MIDK 104 La Sarraz Eclepens, Switzerland; Gorges de l'Orbe, Switzerland: Arnaud-Vanneau & Masse, 1989;  MIDK.103 Vaulion, Switzerland; Arnaud-Vanneau & Masse, 1989;  MIDK.104 La Sarraz Éclepens, Switzerland;  MIDK.105 Gorges de l'Orbe, Switzerland;  MIDK.106 Gellin-Rochejean, Switzerland.   BACI.1 Mt. Croce Section, Italy;  BACI.2 Mt. Motola Section, Italy;  BACI.3 Mt. Coccovello Section, Italy;  BACI.4 Mt. Raggeto Section, Italy;  BACI.5 Mt. Tobenna Section, Italy: Di Lucia et al., 2012, Fig. 8.
Tatra.1 Posrednie III Section, Poland; Tatra.2 Posrednie II Section, Poland;  Tatra.3 Rowienka Section, Poland:	Grabowski & Pszczolkowski, 2006, Figs. 4-6
ANDESCS.1 Andes Sections Argentina-Chile–ANDES DB, see Appendix 3.

Appendix 2: LOK2016 DB 09/17/2021: Bioevents, Polarity Chrons, Radioisotopic Ages, and Sequences (SB) in Mega-annums calibrated to GTS2016. Asterisks = no data. Negative sign an artifact of orientation of X/Y plot.

Acaenolithus vimineus	-130.7224	-130.2981
Acanthodiscus radiatus	-134.7294	-134.1235
Acanthodiscus rebouli	-134.7887	-134.1235
Achomosphaera neptuni	-139.7813	-130.4596
Acrioceras pulcherrinum	-131.5870	-131.4780
Acrioceras puzosianum	-130.8221	-130.8221
Acrioceras seringuei	-131.3472	-131.3472
Acrioceras tabarelli	-130.8640	-130.8539
Agrio tuff bed 126.97	-130.1558	***
Agrio tuff bed 127.42	-130.2259	***
Agrio tuff bed 129.09	-131.7887	***
Agrio tuff bed 130.40	-133.9840	***
Aldorfia dictyotum	-135.1896	-135.1896
Alvellodinium falsificum	-136.8908	-136.5085
Amphizygus brooksii	-132.8665	-130.6650
Amphizygus infracretacea	-134.9580	-133.5160
Amphorellina lanceolata	-140.4337	***
Amphorula delicata	-140.0724	-138.8577
Amphorula metaelliptica	-142.6067	-137.7134
Ancyloceras vandenheckii	-129.1604	-129.1604
Andes J-K SB 1	-147.7527	***
Andes J-K SB 2	-145.9279	***
Andes J-K SB 3	-142.6842	***
Andes J-K SB 4	-140.5289	***
Andiceras acuticostum	-148.1857	-146.5407
Aprobolocysta eilema	-131.9987	-131.2840
Apteodinium maculatum	-136.2827	-133.9153
Ardesciella rhodanica	-145.8887	-145.8887
Argentiniceras fasciculatum	-143.8925	-141.6715
Argentiniceras noduliferum	-144.4639	-141.9289
Aspidoceras depressus	-139.4232	-139.4232
Aspidoceras euomphalum	-148.2864	-144.9288
Aspidoceras quinchaoi	-146.7752	-146.3036
Aspidoceras rogoznicensis	-145.9821	-144.0502
Assipetra infracretacea	-144.8638	-132.4596
Assipetra terebrodentarius	-130.3153	-130.2755
Aulacosphinctes proximus	-148.6696	-143.7945
Aulacosphinctes sulcatus	-147.8308	-146.3750
Avramidiscus kiliani	-130.7834	-130.4925
Axopodorhabdus dietzmannii	-139.0080	-130.0161
Balearites balearis	-131.3690	-131.0289
Baronnites hirsutus	-137.5468	-137.1511
Barremites spp.	-131.1221	-125.8838
Base Albian	-113.1400	***
Base Aptian	-126.3000	***
Base Barremian	-130.8600	***
Base Berriasian	-145.7000	145.0000
Base Hauterivian	-134.7000	***
Base Valanginian	-139.4000	***
Batioladinium gochtii	-136.8908	-134.8651
Batioladinium varigranosa	-137.7466	-135.1885
Berriasella bebrovensis	-142.6661	-140.2646
Berriasella callisto	-141.5873	-139.4634
Berriasella chomeracensis	-145.7500	-144.0591
Berriasella jacobi	-145.7583	-143.7890
Berriasella malbosi	-144.6594	-140.2568
Berriasella paramacillenta	-144.9717	-143.8667
Berriasella picteti	-142.6421	-139.2625
Berriasella privasensis	-143.8669	-142.0898
Berriasella subcallisto	-145.7340	-143.6672
Berriasella subprivasensis	-144.1210	-144.1210
Berriasella tithonica	-146.3000	-145.8000
Biorbifera johnewingii	-142.8262	-135.4659
Biscutum constans	-145.9889	-130.0000
Blanfordiceras vetustum	-145.7957	-143.9674
Bochianites neocomiensis	-138.8470	-134.6804
Bochianites oosteri	-134.7000	-134.6256
Borzaiella atava	-142.1924	-141.0966
Borzaiella slovenica	-148.9733	-146.4902
Boughdiriella chouetensis	-146.1110	-145.8887
Bourkidinium granulatum	-133.4430	-130.9993
Braarudosphaera bigelowii	-140.0507	-134.3880
Braarudosphaera discula	-134.9864	-133.5160
Braarudosphaera regularis	-134.1125	-132.2382
Breistrofferella castellanensis	-134.7282	-134.0627
Breistrofferella varappensis	-134.6804	-134.4245
Buchia pacifica	-137.6250	-135.5000
Buchia uncitoides	-139.0000	-138.0750
Bukrylithus ambiguus	-139.0080	-130.0161
Burckhardticeras peroni	-147.8308	-147.8308
Busnardoiceras busnardoi	-146.0433	-145.8887
Busnardoites campylotoxum	-138.5141	-135.6475
Busnardoites desori	-136.8564	-135.6475
Busnardoites subcampylotoxum	-136.795	-136.795
Caddasphaera halosa	-138.0278	-134.8203
Cadosina fusca	-146.8745	-141.4428
Cadosina fusca cieszynica	-145.2419	-145.2419
Cadosina semiradiata	-149.3071	-143.8031
Calcicalathina oblongata	-139.5554	-130.5848
Calcicalathina praeoblongata	-141.3878	-138.5064
Callaiosphaeridium asymmetricum	-134.153	-130.00
Calpionella alpina	-146.9167	-134.0660
Calpionella elliptalpina	-146.4940	-145.0320
Calpionella elliptica	-144.9150	-139.2050
Calpionella grandalpina	-146.7081	-143.2117
Calpionella minuta	-142.1674	***
Calpionellites caravacaensis	-139.4586	-138.4756
Calpionellites coronata	-139.3957	-136.5576
Calpionellites darderi	-139.4672	-133.5600
Calpionellites major	-139.3957	-133.5600
Calpionellopsis oblonga	-143.3071	-133.5600
Calpionellopsis simplex	-144.4744	-133.5600
Canninginopsis colliveri	-134.0444	-132.7406
Carbon peak Valanginian OAEb	-138.963	-138.769
Carbon peak Valanginian OAEc	-136.381	***
Carbon peak Valanginian OAEd	-134.1475	***
Carpistomiosphaera borzai	-150.8000	-149.1181
Carpistomiosphaera tithonica	-149.1700	-148.8213
Carpistomiosphaera valanginiana	-139.160	-138.830
Cassiculosphaeridia reticulat	-134.1811	-132.5330
Catutosphinctes americanensis	-148.380	-146.817
Catutosphinctes guenenokenensis	-150.87	-149.51
Catutosphinctes inflatus	-146.4850	-145.6913
Catutosphinctes proximus	-148.5300	-146.4675
Cerbia tabulata	-132.7406	-132.5330
Chacantuceras ornatum	-135.1895	-134.9810
Cheloniceras spp.	-125.6695	-125.6695
Chiastozygus bilamellus	-137.2383	-134.2975
Chiastozygus litterarius	-133.5523	-132.5309
Chiastozygus platyrhethus	-133.5035	-132.5414
Chiastozygus striatus	-135.0461	-130.5160
Chiastozygus tenuis	-136.8009	-133.5160
Chigaroceras loteroense	-146.7041	-144.3597
Chitinoidella boneti	-147.7338	-145.4263
Chitinoidella dobeni	-147.8319	-147.0225
Chitinoidella elongata	-147.5023	-147.0316
Chitinoidella hegarati	-147.5443	-146.7081
Chitinoidella slovenica	-147.8308	-146.2811
Chlamydophorella huguoniotii	-135.695	-133.805
Chlamydophorella membranoidea	-133.738	-133.76
Chlamydophorella nyei	-135.2687	-130.000
Choicensisphinctes burckhardti	-150.68	-149.227
Choicensisphinctes choicensis	-150.150	-148.304
Choicensisphinctes erinoides	-150.221	-147.295
Choicensisphinctes platyconus	-150.873	-149.748
Choicensisphinctes striolatus	-145.378	-143.203
Choicensisphinctes windhauseni	-149.244	-148.639
Cieneguiticeras falculatum	-149.670	-147.1275
Cieneguiticeras perlaevis	-149.9339	-148.6956
Circulodinium distinctum	-142.2500	-130.0000
Clavihedbergella eocretacea	-130.2629	-125.608
Clavihedbergella semielongata	-130.263	-125.608
Clavithurmannia foraticostata	-140.076	-139.782
Clepsilithus maculosus	-135.0204	-130.2356
Colchidites sp.	-127.1700	-126.0369
Colomisphaera carpathica	-147.4556	-141.6868
Colomisphaera cieszynica	-147.8319	-143.8745
Colomisphaera conferta	-139.8093	-138.6887
Colomisphaera fortis	-147.5243	-143.6067
Colomisphaera helicosphaera	-139.255	-138.7358
Colomisphaera lapidosa	-147.4556	-139.3957
Colomisphaera lucida	-145.1938	-143.8944
Colomisphaera nagyi	-150.8000	-147.0225
Colomisphaera pieniniensis	-150.8000	-147.0225
Colomisphaera radiata	-147.4556	-147.4556
Colomisphaera tenuis	-148.1071	-143.3798
Colomisphaera volgeri	-139.1604	-138.6887
Cometodinium whitei	-138.6217	-130.1032
Cometodinium? whitei	-135.9912	-132.7406
Comittosphaera sublapidosa	-147.4556	-146.4450
Conusphaera maledicto	-150.0800	***
Conusphaera mexicana	-149.6262	-130.0000
Conusphaera mexicana minor	-149.636	-140.6229
Corollithion acutum	-136.7605	-132.5927
Corollithion ellipticum	-139.0080	-132.4596
Corollithion geometricum	-134.3456	-130.5618
Corollithion signum	-135.3959	-135.3959
Corongoceras alternans	-146.4757	-145.9821
Corongoceras evolutum	-146.4386	-146.2102
Corongoceras involutum	-146.4014	-146.2968
Corongoceras koellikeri	-145.2441	-143.5279
Corongoceras koeni	-146.4014	-146.1786
Corongoceras lotenoense	-147.5985	-145.9506
Corongoceras mendozanum	-147.1025	-144.0502
Corongoceras multimum	-146.4386	-146.4386
Corongoceras praecursor	-148.5164	-146.8825
Corongoceras steinmanni	-145.7957	-145.7957
Coronifera oceanica	-132.6670	-130.0000
Crassicollaria brevis	-146.6856	-144.4639
Crassicollaria colomi	-146.4554	-144.5822
Crassicollaria intermedia	-147.0800	-144.9200
Crassicollaria massutiniana	-147.6800	-143.8944
Crassicollaria parvula	-147.6800	-139.8093
Crassiculosphaeridia reticulata	-130.573	-130.000
Cretarhabdus angustiforatus	-141.900	-135.500
Cretarhabdus conicus	-142.8262	-130.0000
Cretarhabdus crenulatus	-142.0705	-134.3880
Cretarhabdus loriei	-135.6338	-132.5414
Cretarhabdus octofenestratus	-145.004	-140.979
Cretarhabdus striatus	-134.8215	-130.4350
Cretarhabdus surirellus	-146.3025	-130.1558
Cribellopsis elongata	-131.4775	-130.5234
Cribellopsis neoelongata	-131.0552	-130.4745
Cribellopsis schroederi	-130.8380	-130.7193
Cribellopsis thieuloyi	-130.8380	-130.7193
Cribroperidinum sepimentum	-133.002	-130.000
Cribrosphaerella ehrenbergii	-135.3959	-135.3959
Crioceratites andinum	-131.5133	-131.4798
Crioceratites basseae	-131.3690	-131.3690
Crioceratites diamantense	-131.5196	-131.4798
Crioceratites duvalii	-132.3500	-131.8057
Crioceratites fabreae	-131.3254	-131.2818
Crioceratites gr. quenstedti	-133.4112	-132.1908
Crioceratites loryi	-134.2881	-133.8625
Crioceratites majorisensis	-131.6088	-131.4344
Crioceratites matsumotoi	-132.0532	-131.9672
Crioceratites nolani	-134.4682	-131.2448
Crioceratites perditum	-131.5053	-131.4239
Crioceratites remanei	-131.3690	-131.3690
Crioceratites schlagintweiti	-131.7270	-131.7110
Criohimantoceras gigas	-136.0119	-134.9787
Criosarasinella furcillata	-135.4300	-135.0247
Criosarasinella heterocostata	-135.430	-135.193
Criosarasinella mandovi	-135.2400	-134.9506
Cruasiceras cruasense	-132.2300	-132.1683
Crucibiscutum nequenensis	-131.7509	-131.2963
Crucibiscutum salebrosum	-134.9864	-133.5160
Cruciellipsis chiasta	-140.0507	-134.5708
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri	-147.0599	-131.5509
Cruciplacolithus furtivus	-132.8665	-131.4172
Cruciplacolithus salebrosus	-140.5103	-135.6505
Ctenidodinium elegantulum	-135.4659	-134.6907
Ctenidodinium scissum	-135.8210	-135.8210
Cuyaniceras raripartitum	-141.7864	-140.9119
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	-143.5279	-139.4232
Cyclagelosphaera deflandrei	-146.8181	-130.7779
Cyclagelosphaera margerelii	-148.6707	-130.0000
Cyclagelosphaera tubulata	-131.5944	-131.5944
Cyclonephelium distinctum	-134.4564	-132.7406
Cyclonephelium hystrix	-139.7813	-133.6636
Cymatiosphaera delicatula	-134.2732	-133.5532
Cymososphaeridium validum	-136.3043	-131.0296
Dalmasiceras biplanum	-144.9607	-144.9607
Dalmasiceras crassicostatum	-145.4730	-145.4730
Dalmasiceras dalmasi	-142.8000	-142.6902
Dalmasiceras djanelidzei	-144.8350	-144.8350
Dalmasiceras punctatum	-142.8000	-141.8496
Dalmasiceras subloevis	-145.2603	-144.8780
Dapsilidinium warrenii	-139.5724	-130.3853
Decliveites agrioensis	-134.4865	-134.3429
Decliveites crassicostatum	-134.7178	-134.7178
Deshayesites oglanlensis	-126.3000	-126.3000
Deshayesites weissi	-126.0369	-125.8991
Diadorhombus rectus	-139.0080	-131.7612
Diazomatolithus lehmanii	-146.6772	-130.0000
Dicanthum hollisteri	-142.8262	-130.0000
Dichotomites petschi	-136.2850	-135.9287
Dichotomites vergunnorum	-135.4482	-135.3385
Diloma placinum	-133.6829	-133.6118
Dingodinium albertii	-137.3749	-133.3539
Dingodinium cerviculum	-138.9044	-130.0000
Dingodinium europaeum	-129.0379	-127.2312
Discorhabdus biradiatus	-133.7892	-133.6447
Discorhabdus ignotus	-142.8098	-130.0000
Discorhabdus rotatorius	-142.5769	-133.5160
Discorsia nanna	-133.8054	-133.8054
Djurjuriceras catutosense	-146.4084	-146.3036
Dobeniella bermudezi	-147.5489	-146.9398
Dobeniella cubensis	-147.5489	-146.9398
Druggidium apicopaucicum	-138.4730	-131.9987
Druggidium deflandrei	-135.6038	-127.1240
Druggidium rhabdoreticulatum	-136.8969	-128.9920
Durangites acanthicus	-146.3000	-145.8000
Durangites astillerensis	-146.3000	-145.8000
Durangites vulgaris	-146.3000	-145.8000
Eiffellithus primus	-148.0991	-137.0000
Eiffellithus striatus	-135.3000	-131.7509
Eiffellithus windi	-139.2677	-132.5450
Elenaelia cularensis	-145.7340	-145.6760
Eleniceras nikolovi	-134.7718	-134.4611
Eleniceras tchechitevi	-135.4683	-134.6804
Eleniceras transsylvanicum	-134.9075	-134.7650
Emericiceras emerici	-130.8640	-130.7513
Endoscrinium campanula	-142.2500	-130.0000
Endoscrinium glabra	-136.5227	-136.5085
Eopalorbitolina charollaisi	-130.8100	-130.7437
Eopalorbitolina pertenuis	-130.8221	-130.7437
Eprolithus floralis	-131.2166	-131.0969
Erdenella paquieri	-141.6455	-138.6995
Erdenella zianidia	-141.7535	-141.0331
Escharisphaeridia pocockii	-142.8262	-142.8262
Ethmorhabdus gallicus	-145.9784	-133.5160
Ethmorhabdus hauterivianus	-139.7364	-130.4350
Euptychoceras meyrati	-133.4112	-132.1908
Euvirgalithacoceras malarguense	-150.3983	-148.6394
Exiguisphaera phragma	-137.7466	-135.2687
Falsurgonina pileola	-131.4775	-130.7193
Falsurgonina vanneauae	-131.5768	-130.4745
Fauriella boissieri	-141.6945	-139.3891
Fauriella donzei	-140.0000	-139.8813
Fauriella gallica	-142.6902	-140.8890
Fauriella kiliani	-140.0965	-138.1346
Fauriella rarefurcata	-143.2876	-139.9524
Faviconus multicolumnatus	-150.7160	-144.4940
Flabellites oblonga	-133.5933	-132.6252
Foucheria modesta	-140.0724	-136.6659
Frenguelliceras magister	-143.1385	-141.6715
Fromea amphora	-135.0502	-135.0502
Gaarderella granulifera	-130.3600	-130.0161
Glob'oides algeriana	-126.4917	-126.4028
Glob'oides aptiense	-127.1700	-126.7106
Glob'oides blowi	-127.9355	-125.6082
Glob'oides gottisi	-135.9654	-125.6082
Glob'oides maridalensis	-125.6082	-122.5459
Globochaete alpina	-144.6595	***
Globuligerina hoterivica	-138.3380	-125.6695
Gonyaulacysta helicoidea	-145.7073	-130.0000
Gonyaulacysta kostromiensis	-136.5085	-133.1871
Grantarhabdus meddii	-139.0080	-132.4492
Groebericeras bifrons	-143.8400	-141.9926
Groebericeras rocardi	-143.1393	-143.1007
Gubkinella graysonensis	-135.1336	-125.6695
Haploceras staszycii	-149.6700	-149.2267
Haplophylloceras strigile	-144.6797	***
Haqius circumradiatus	-142.9085	-130.0000
Hayesites atlanticus	-135.0461	-133.6447
Hayesites radiatus	-133.9498	-130.0711
Hedb aptiana	-130.2629	-125.6082
Hedb aptica	-138.3380	-125.6082
Hedb delrioensis	-135.5587	-125.6082
Hedb excelsa	-125.6695	-125.6695
Hedb kuznetsovae	-130.2629	-125.6695
Hedb sigali	-138.3380	-125.6695
Hedb similis	-130.4925	-125.6082
Heinzia provincialis	-129.1604	-129.1604
Heinzia sartousi	-127.4149	-127.3078
Helenea chiastia	-148.6707	-130.0000
Heterosphaeridium? galliciae	-135.9912	-132.7406
Hexalithus geometricus	-146.7013	-144.6900
Hexalithus magharensis	-140.8365	-140.8365
Hexalithus noelae	-148.7000	-143.3986
Himalayites treubi	-142.9481	-142.9481
Himantoceras trinodosum	-136.0119	-134.6937
Holcodiscus caillaudianus	-130.0791	-129.6351
Holcophylloceras calypso	-144.8463	-137.1906
Holcoptychites agrioensis	-134.0638	-134.0638
Holcoptychites magdalensae	-134.3031	-134.1356
Holcoptychites neuquensis	-134.2861	***
Hoplytocrioceris gentilli	-133.7847	-133.6252
Hoplytocrioceris giovinei	-133.8644	-133.8405
Hypophylloceras courchonense	-135.5761	-135.3385
Hypophylloceras perlobatum	-137.7457	-136.6546
Hystrichodinium furcatum	-136.8969	-133.1871
Hystrichodinium pulchrum	-138.8068	-131.1072
Hystrichodinium voigtii	-142.2500	-130.3853
Indansites malarguensis	-150.3983	-149.9233
Inoceramus everesti	-144.0392	***
Jeanthieuloyites quinquestriatus	-135.4447	-134.6433
Karakaschiceras attenuatum	-137.0024	-136.0532
Karakaschiceras biasalense	-138.0339	-136.4899
Karakaschiceras heteroptychum	-136.7607	-136.7734
Karakaschiceras neumayri	-137.0780	-136.8407
Karakaschiceras pronecostatum	-136.7125	-135.3691
Kilianella busnardoi	-141.9457	-141.7535
Kilianella gr.chamalocensis	-141.3182	-138.9727
Kilianella lucensis	-139.7691	-136.2014
Kilianella pexiptycha	-139.9406	-138.9333
Kilianella retrocostata	-140.0965	-137.6375
Kilianella roubaudi	-139.0340	-136.2014
Kilianella roubaudiana	-139.1867	-137.0405
Kilianella superba	-137.0660	-137.0405
Kiokansium polypes	-137.7466	-130.0000
Kleithriasphaeridium corrugatum	-137.3749	-137.3749
Kleithriasphaeridium eoinodes	-133.7790	-132.5487
Kleithriasphaeridium fasciatum	-137.3302	-132.5487
Kleithriasphaeridium simplicispinum	-137.2264	-136.5227
Krantziceras azulense	-145.3783	-145.3783
Krantziceras compressum	-141.9926	-141.9289
Krantziceras disputabile	-147.1025	-147.1025
Krantziceras planulatum	-142.5022	-142.3111
Kutekiceras pseudocolubrinus	-147.8308	-147.8308
Laeviaptychus crassissimus	-149.9176	-147.9057
Laeviaptychus latus	-147.9692	-146.5505
Leopoldia buxtorfi	-134.4345	-134.0750
Leopoldia leopoldina	-134.5275	-134.4087
Leptoceras studeri	-141.1600	-138.6778
Leupoldina cabri	-125.6082	-125.6082
Leupoldina pustulans	-130.2629	-125.6082
Leymeriella schrammeni anterior	-113.1000	-113.1000
Lissonia riveroi	-139.2741	-138.5129
Lithastrinus septentrionalis	-132.8665	-130.0000
Lithoceras picunleufuense	-150.8733	-149.7480
Lithraphidites bollii	-133.9498	-130.2356
Lithraphidites carniolensis	-147.7160	-130.0000
Lorenziella hungarica	-143.9394	-137.2302
Lorenziella plicata	-145.3436	-133.8360
Luppovella superba	-137.5627	-136.9573
Lyticoceras nodosoplicatum	-133.5537	-133.3875
Lyticoceras subfimbriatum	-134.0600	-134.0600
Lytoceras juileti	-137.7457	-136.3597
Lytoceras montanum	-144.9609	-144.9609
Lytohoplites burckhardti	-146.3387	-146.2804
Lytohoplites rauloi	-146.4386	-145.3387
Lytohoplites vareloe	-146.2968	-145.6480
Lytohoplites zambranoi	-146.4757	-145.6480
Magnetochron CM0R	-126.3000	-126.0000
Magnetochron CM10	-133.9313	-133.6694
Magnetochron CM10N	-135.3408	-134.3082
Magnetochron CM1R	***	-127.5912
Magnetochron CM2	***	-128.0208
Magnetochron CM3R	-130.8011	-128.6813
Magnetochron CM5R	-131.7071	-131.4307
Magnetochron CM6R	-131.8776	-131.7973
Magnetochron M6	***	-132.0222
Magnetochron M7	***	-132.1807
Magnetochron CM7R	-132.3155	-131.9912
Magnetochron CM8R	-132.7334	-132.5194
Magnetochron M8	***	-133.0312
Magnetochron CM9R	-133.4655	-133.0008
Magnetochron M9	***	-133.6578
Magnetochron M11r	***	-136.0997
Magnetochron M12n	***	-136.9000
Magnetochron M12r	***	-137.7535
Magnetochron M13n	***	-138.3000
Magnetochron M13r	***	-138.4059
Magnetochron M14n	***	-138.6000
Magnetochron M14r	***	-139.2348
Magnetochron M15n	***	-139.4462
Magnetochron M15r	***	-139.9000
Magnetochron M16n	***	-140.4000
Magnetochron M16r	***	-141.2865
Magnetochron M17n	***	-142.1538
Magnetochron M17r	***	-142.5645
Magnetochron M18n	***	-143.3173
Magnetochron M18r	***	-143.7134
Magnetochron M19n	***	-144.6496
Magnetochron M19n.1n	***	-145.0000
Magnetochron M19n.1r	***	-145.1333
Magnetochron M19n.2n	***	-145.3000
Magnetochron M19r	***	-145.8432
Magnetochron M20n	***	-146.1054
Magnetochron M20n.1n	***	-146.1689
Magnetochron M20n.1r	***	-146.3727
Magnetochron M20n.2n	***	-146.5132
Magnetochron M20r	***	-147.1557
Magnetochron M21n	***	-147.5443
Magnetochron M21r	-149.2386	-148.4143
Magnetochron M22A	***	-150.5000
Magnetochron M22n	***	-148.7717
Magnetochron M22r	***	-150.0481
Malbosiceras malbosi	-144.0857	-143.7945
Manivitella pemmatoidea	-146.1787	-130.0000
Markalius circumradiatus	-142.5769	-134.3880
Markalius inversus	-130.6982	-130.6982
Marker bed 134.0 U-Pbf	***	-134.0660
Marker bed 138.45	-138.0000	-136.0000
Marker bed 139.85 Sr	-139.8500	-139.8500
Marker bed 305	-136.9518	***
Marker bed 321	-136.5449	***
Marker bed A 137.1	-138.0625	-138.0525
Marker bed Ap SB SL 1	-126.5805	-126.5805
Marker bed B 137.1	-136.4375	-136.4275
Marker bed Ba1	-130.8446	***
Marker bed Ba2	-130.7936	***
Marker bed Faraoni bed	-131.0776	-131.0539
Marker bed Ha6	-131.5340	***
Marker bed Ha7	-131.1679	***
Marker bed SbB3	-131.4278	***
Marker bed Tuff 136	-133.1500	***
Mazatepites arredondense	-149.6700	-147.8187
Mazenoticeras paramimounum	-142.2667	-140.8890
Mazenoticeras tarini	-145.7823	-145.6760
Megacrioceras doublieri	-131.4126	-131.4126
Meiourogonyaulax pertusa pertusa	-137.1198	-131.9987
Meiourogonyaulax stoveri	-134.4863	-127.0475
Micracanthoceras lamberti	-147.1504	-146.5470
Micracanthoceras microcanthum	-147.5538	-145.5449
Micracanthoceras spinulosum	-146.2157	-143.9568
Micracanthoceras vetustum	-144.5726	-144.0502
Micrantholithus hoschulzii	-142.2385	-130.1000
Micrantholithus obtusus	-141.1637	-130.1399
Micrantholithus speetonensis	-142.8851	-138.6887
Microhedbergella renilaevis	-113.1400	-113.1400
Microstaurus chiastius	-148.8920	-135.5000
Microstaurus quadratus	-146.0433	-133.5160
Micula infracretacea	-141.1637	-134.3880
Montseciella alguerensis	-131.0252	-130.7279
Montseciella glanensis	- 131.4458	-130.7279
Moravisphinctes fischeri	-146.5267	-146.1400
Moravisphinctes moravicus	-147.5538	-146.3750
Muderongia brachialis	-131.7188	-131.7188
Muderongia extensiva	-136.0875	-136.0163
Muderongia perforata	-135.2687	-134.0444
Muderongia simplex	-142.6012	-134.2183
Muderongia simplex microperforata	-137.7466	***
Muderongia staurota	-134.5668	-128.5939
Nannoconus bermudezii	-143.3213	-130.0000
Nannoconus boletus	-132.7014	-132.7014
Nannoconus bonetii	-133.6187	-133.6187
Nannoconus broennimannii	-145.2244	-133.3458
Nannoconus bucheri	-135.6983	-130.0000
Nannoconus circularis	-135.0293	-130.2356
Nannoconus colomii	-145.8403	-130.0000
Nannoconus compressus	-148.0278	-145.3562
Nannoconus cornutus	-145.9014	-133.2976
Nannoconus dolomiticus	-144.6766	-141.0086
Nannoconus elongatus	-135.6983	-130.6982
Nannoconus erbae	-146.6348	-143.9735
Nannoconus globulus	-146.2516	-130.0000
Nannoconus globulus globulus	-145.7047	-130.1399
Nannoconus globulus minor	-147.0800	-133.2344
Nannoconus infans	-148.1960	-141.0538
Nannoconus kamptneri	-144.3913	-130.1399
Nannoconus kamptneri minor	-145.0573	-140.5965
Nannoconus ligius	-131.2963	-130.2259
Nannoconus puer	-147.7160	***
Nannoconus quadratus	-143.9989	-138.8302
Nannoconus steinmannii	-145.2957	-127.7118
Nannoconus steinmannii minor	-145.9020	-134.4311
Nannoconus truitti	-141.0538	-130.4589
Nannoconus wassallii	-134.9132	-126.3093
Nannoconus wintereri	-146.3026	-143.3310
Neocomiceramus curacoensis	-131.6698	-131.1772
Neocomites callidiscus	-134.9787	-134.9075
Neocomites crassicostatum	-141.5930	-141.4653
Neocomites flucticulus	-134.8125	-134.4087
Neocomites neocomiensiformis	-138.5501	-135.1636
Neocomites neocomiensis	-139.4961	-135.2914
Neocomites pachydicranus	-135.4300	-134.0600
Neocomites peregrinus	-136.4329	-135.9287
Neocomites platycostatus	-136.9518	-135.2871
Neocomites polygonius	-135.0975	-135.0975
Neocomites premolicus	-139.3702	-137.7446
Neocomites subquadratus	-138.5865	-136.7086
Neocomites subtenuis	-137.1650	-135.2914
Neocomites teschenensis	-137.1927	-135.8337
Neocomites wichmanni	-139.4472	-139.1555
Neocosmoceras malbosiforme	-139.4232	-139.3429
Neocosmoceras sayni	-143.8189	-143.1007
Neohoploceras arnoldi	-137.0780	-136.8407
Neohoploceras depereti	-136.7125	-136.1425
Neohoploceras provinciale	-137.3214	-135.5331
Neohoploceras submartini	-136.9518	-136.4901
Neolisoceras salinarium	-137.8633	-135.9640
Neolissoceras aberrans	-137.4128	-137.4128
Neolissoceras grasianum	-141.6945	-131.8057
Occisucysta tentorium	-138.5607	-130.2437
Octopodorhabdus decussatus	-137.1751	-135.6505
Octopodorhabdus polytretus	-132.4927	-131.3415
Octopodorhabdus reinhardtii	-134.2539	-133.4788
Odontochitina operculata	-133.0018	-127.0475
Olcostephanus atherstoni	-137.2291	-136.8407
Olcostephanus balestrai	-136.1859	-135.2162
Olcostephanus densicostatus	-135.4116	-134.0627
Olcostephanus drumensis	-140.2899	-137.4281
Olcostephanus guebhardi	-137.0660	-135.8612
Olcostephanus hispanicus	-134.6758	-134.6758
Olcostephanus jeannoti	-134.3124	-133.4523
Olcostephanus josephinus	-137.5468	-137.1511
Olcostephanus laticosta	-133.9681	-133.9202
Olcostephanus nicklesi	-136.0119	-135.3385
Olcostephanus sayni	-133.9547	-133.7912
Olcostephanus stephanophorous	-137.6945	-135.7266
Olcostephanus tenuituberculatus	-138.5141	-133.2827
Olcostephanus thieuloyi	-135.3706	-135.2471
Olcostephanus variegatus	-133.5775	-133.4587
Oligosphaeridium complex	-137.4847	-130.0000
Oligosphaeridium dividuum	-134.6907	-133.4430
Oligosphaeridium pulcherrimum	-135.8581	-130.2078
Oligosphaeridium verrucosum	-132.5487	***
Oloriziceras magnum	-147.7615	-147.6231
Oloriziceras salariensis	-147.7615	-147.6231
Oosterella cultrata	-135.3113	-134.4682
Oosterella cultrataeformis	-135.5013	-134.4245
Oosterella fascigera	-136.4038	-135.8337
Oosterella garciae	-135.9202	-134.9787
Oosterella stevenini	-135.8575	-135.3113
Orbitolinopsis cuvillieri	-130.8282	-130.7437
Orbitolinopsis debelmasi	-130.8315	-130.7193
Orbitolinopsis flandrini	-130.7071	-130.6993
Orbitolinopsis subkiliani	-130.7071	-130.5260
Paleodictyoconus actinostoma	-130.8282	-130.7437
Paleodictyoconus beckerae	-131.5967	-130.9483
Paleodictyoconus cuvillieri	-131.6762	-130.4745
Paracoskinolina arcuata	-131.5768	-130.7437
Paracoskinolina hispanica	-130.8539	-130.4745
Paracoskinolina jourdanensis	-131.4079	-130.4745
Paracoskinolina maynci	-131.5570	-130.4745
Paracoskinolina praereicheli	-130.8315	-130.7361
Paracoskinolina querolensis	-131.4458	-130.5357
Paracoskinolina reicheli	-130.8446	-130.7437
Paradontoceras calistoides	-146.3225	-144.1928
Paraspiticeras groeberi	-130.9613	-130.2259
Paraspiticeras precrassispinum	-131.5216	-131.5216
Parastomiosphaera malmica	-149.3071	-146.9757
Parathurmannia sarasini	-131.1211	-131.0581
Paraulacosphinctes senoides	-146.5267	-146.1400
Paraulacosphinctes transitorius	-147.5538	-146.1274
Pareodinia ceratophora	-144.7305	-135.1885
Parhabdolithus achlyostaurion	-140.1490	-137.2383
Parhabdolithus asper	-145.1543	-134.3880
Parhabdolithus embergeri	-148.0337	-134.3880
Parhabdolithus infinitus	-136.9295	-130.0000
Parhabdolithus judithae	-138.8304	-137.3639
Parhabdolithus splendens	-142.2385	-134.3880
Parhabdolithus swinnertonii	-137.2383	-132.9078
Pasottia andina	-149.6700	-148.8710
Percivalia fenestrata	-140.8846	-130.2356
Percivalia nebulosa	-141.5873	-138.9182
Phoberocysta neocomica	-145.7073	-130.3853
Phoberocysta tabulata	-137.8081	-137.8081
Phylloceras tethys	-137.8994	-134.9912
Phyllopachyceras winckleri	-134.7170	-134.6987
Pickelhaube furtiva	-144.0957	-133.5160
Piriferella paucicalcarea	-131.5967	-130.4745
Platylenticeras cardioceroides	-137.5468	-137.4281
Platylenticeras occidentale	-138.1799	-137.3094
Plesiospitidiscus ligatus	-132.0230	-130.9333
Plesiospitidiscus subdifficilis	-131.2234	-131.0135
Podorhabdus dietzmanni	-138.1799	-134.6804
Polycostella beckmannii	-149.3960	-144.3560
Polycostella senaria	-148.8680	-131.4000
Polygonifera evittii	-144.7305	-144.7305
Polypodorhabus madingleyensis	-145.5646	-132.4950
Praecalpionellites murgeanui	-139.9667	-138.4912
Praedictyorbitolina busnardoi	-131.6762	-131.6762
Praedictyorbitolina carthusiana	-131.4775	-130.5260
Praedictyorbitolina claveli	-131.6762	-130.7437
Praetintinnopsella andrusovi	-147.2500	-145.4263
Praturlonella danilovae	-131.4079	-130.4745
Prediscosphaera columnata	-113.1000	-113.1000
Protacanthodiscus andreaei	-146.1400	-145.8887
Protacanthodiscus berriasensis	-145.7500	-144.6359
Protacanthodiscus heterocosmus	-145.7500	-144.6359
Protacrioceras ornatum	-131.4344	-131.3908
Protacrioceras puzosianum	-133.5537	-133.5300
Protancyloceras punicum	-140.0000	-139.9209
Protetragonites quadrisulcatus	-139.2250	-135.3385
Protoellipsodinium seghire	-134.0444	-133.6636
Protoellipsodinium touile	-134.5384	-133.4430
Pseudhimalayites subpretiosus	-148.3400	-147.8187
Pseudinvoluticeras douvillei	-150.3033	-148.0435
Pseudinvoluticeras primordialis	-150.5670	-149.9339
Pseudoacanthodiscus hexagonus	-145.8887	-145.8887
Pseudoceratium anaphrissum	-128.9001	-127.2006
Pseudoceratium pelliferum	-142.6067	-127.2312
Pseudocyclammina lituus	-138.8436	-138.5807
Pseudofavrella angulatiformis	-135.4160	-135.3982
Pseudofavrella australe	-135.1485	-135.1485
Pseudofavrella garatei	-135.4160	-135.3892
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	-149.9233	-147.2950
Pseudomoutoniceras annulare	-131.8486	-131.8486
Pseudosaynella termieri	-125.6695	-125.6695
Pseudosubplanites euxinus	-144.9717	-143.9896
Pseudosubplanites lorioli	-145.0197	-143.3660
Pseudosubplanites ponticus	-145.3079	-144.2326
Pseudothurmannia angulicostata	-131.2138	-130.9150
Pseudothurmannia catulloi	-131.1457	-130.8447
Pseudothurmannia ohmi	-131.1915	-130.8141
Pseudothurmannia picteti	-131.5833	-131.0050
Pseudothurmannia pseudomalbosi	-131.4967	-131.1491
Pterolytoceras exoticum	-144.3114	-144.3114
Pterospermella aureolata	-138.1600	-133.1871
Pterospermella australiensis	-137.7146	-137.5051
Ptychophylloceras diphyllum	-136.8009	-135.3385
Ptychophylloceras semisulcatum	-143.9243	-131.8057
Raimondiceras alexandrense	-141.3556	-141.3556
Reinhardtites elegans	-135.0461	-133.4800
Reinhardtites fenestratus	-141.5000	-130.0000
Remaniella borzai	-144.2732	-138.8622
Remaniella cadischiana	-145.0677	-138.4756
Remaniella catalanoi	-144.7714	-139.6111
Remaniella colomi	-144.5900	-141.7265
Remaniella dadayi	-139.4672	-137.2662
Remaniella duranddelgai	-144.9500	-136.3200
Remaniella ferasini	-145.2167	-143.1667
Remaniella filipescui	-143.3071	-136.6650
Remaniella murgeanui	-139.8458	-137.2662
Retecapsa angustiforata	-145.2134	-130.0000
Retecapsa levis	-130.3715	-130.2500
Retecapsa neocomiana	-143.0732	-133.2059
Retecapsa octofenestratus	-143.8907	-130.2356
Retecapsa surirella	-139.6485	-130.1558
Rhabdolekiskus parallelus	-132.8665	-130.3715
Rhabdolithus rectus	-139.7230	-135.0540
Rhagodiscus angustus	-133.9498	-133.9498
Rhagodiscus asper	-148.0337	-130.0000
Rhagodiscus eboracensis	-134.5589	-134.5589
Rhagodiscus nebulosus	-140.7146	-136.0000
Rhagodiscus reightonensis	-135.2495	-133.4800
Rhagodiscus splendens	-142.9579	-130.0000
Rhynchodiniopsis aptiana	-133.6636	-132.5487
Rhynchodiniopsis fimbriata	-137.7466	***
Rodighieroites rutimeyeri	-136.3800	-136.1425
Rotelapillus laffittei	-144.9670	-130.0000
Rotelapillus radians	-143.5726	-143.5726
Rucinolithus irregularis	-130.7224	-130.1995
Rucinolithus terebrodentarius	-132.6331	-130.7224
Rucinolithus wisei	-141.4818	-134.8773
Sabaudiella riverorum	-130.1957	-130.1957
Salpingoporella genevensis	-131.4458	-130.4745
Sarasinella biformis	-136.9518	-136.5449
Sarasinella eucyrta	-139.0444	-137.4384
Sarasinella hirticula	-136.1425	-135.7165
Sarasinella longi	-137.8546	-137.7274
Sarasinella trezanensis	-138.7673	-137.4384
Sarasinella uhligi	-137.5366	-137.5366
Saynella clypeiformis	-133.5867	-133.4587
Saynoceras verrucosum	-136.9525	-135.2914
Scriniodinium attadalense	-135.1873	-130.0000
Sirmiodinium grossii	-134.7146	-134.7146
Sollasites horticus	-141.1526	-132.4596
Sollasites lowei	-130.5160	-130.5160
Sornayites gp. simionescui	-131.5833	-131.1877
Speetonia colligata	-141.5541	-131.3415
Spiniferites dentatus	-132.6670	-130.0000
Spiniferites ramosus	-137.4847	-130.0000
Spiniferites ramosus multibrevis	-138.2895	-133.4430
Spiticeras acutum	-145.8110	-143.2667
Spiticeras damesi	-142.1348	-139.3786
Spiticeras fraternum	-143.8400	-139.4232
Spiticeras gr. multiforme	-141.6945	-140.0091
Spiticeras pricei	-142.6245	-142.6245
Spiticeras pseudogroteanum	-145.4730	-144.9703
Spiticeras spitiense	-143.1259	-142.4513
Spiticeras tripartitum	-144.1585	-141.4983
Spitidiscus fasciger	-133.7912	-132.4590
Spitidiscus gr. lorioli	-134.5757	-134.0627
Spitidiscus gr. pavlowi	-133.9575	-133.5062
Spitidiscus hugii	-130.8141	-130.5385
Spitidiscus kilapiae	-131.8159	-131.8159
Spitidiscus riccardii	-131.8227	-131.7819
Staurolithites crux	-139.3556	-130.4350
Staurolithites mutterlosei	-138.7112	-132.4500
Stenosemellopsis hispanica	-139.5829	-138.7121
Stephanolithion laffittei	-140.1019	-132.4596
Stomiosphaera acculeata	-145.7712	-145.7712
Stomiosphaera echinata	-146.1865	-138.6887
Stomiosphaera proxima	-146.6375	-141.8957
Stomiosphaera wanneri	-143.8625	-138.8302
Stradneria crenulata	-143.3366	-130.0000
Sturiella oblonga	-141.1871	-141.1871
Subaspinoceras mulsanti	-131.3908	-131.3908
Suboosterella heliaca	-133.6962	-133.6962
Subpulchellia nicklesi	-130.5538	-130.1863
Subsaynella mimica	-132.1538	-132.1102
Subsaynella sayni	-132.2424	-131.8014
Substeueroceras calistoide	-146.2968	-144.0198
Substeueroceras ellipsostomum	-147.3397	-146.7469
Substeueroceras koeneni	-145.8110	-142.9481
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	-147.2261	-143.1007
Substreblites callomoni	-141.1798	-141.1798
Substreblites zonarius	-136.8009	-136.5815
Subthurmannia boissieri	-141.3556	-139.1912
Subthurmannia clareti	-142.8583	-142.8583
Subthurmannia floquinensis	-144.1311	-143.7469
Subthurmannia occitanica	-143.3864	-141.2972
Subthurmannia patruliusi	-142.8102	-142.0657
Subthurmannia subalpina	-143.9390	-143.6000
Subtilisphaera perlucida	-132.8252	-127.0475
Subtilisphaera senegalensis	-130.5538	-127.0475
Subtilisphaera terrula	-133.0018	-130.0000
Systematophora areolata	-139.7813	-137.6920
Systematophora fasciculigera	-136.5093	-136.5093
Systematophora palmula	-142.1618	-135.5812
Systematophora silybum	-137.1198	-133.4430
Tanyosphaeridium boletus	-138.8068	-130.2437
Tanyosphaeridium magneticum	-140.0724	-127.2312
Tanyosphaeridium salpinx	-143.6494	-130.0000
Tanyosphaeridium variecalamus	-132.8252	-130.0000
Taveraidiscus intermedius	-130.8609	-130.5522
Taveridiscus oosteri	-130.8600	-130.6916
Tegumentum stradneri	-135.9912	-130.2156
Teschenites callidiscus	-134.9787	-134.7782
Teschenites castellanensiformis	-134.7377	-134.5275
Teschenites flucticulus	-134.8125	-134.0898
Teschenites neocomiensiformis	-135.9202	-134.6758
Teschenites pachydicranus	-135.4482	-134.0898
Teschenites subflucticulus	-135.0247	-134.7406
Teschenites subpachydicranus	-134.9224	-134.7310
Tetrapodorhabdus coptensis	-139.0080	-130.2156
Tetrapodorhabdus decorus	-139.0080	-135.2414
Thurmanniceras gratianopolitense	-139.4667	-138.5064
Thurmanniceras otopeta	-140.2899	-138.3606
Thurmanniceras perisphinctoides	-139.9483	-139.8458
Thurmanniceras pertransiens	-139.4356	-137.9424
Thurmanniceras salientum	-139.9739	-139.9483
Thurmanniceras thurmanni	-142.6296	-137.9309
Tintinnopsella carpathica	-147.0565	-133.5600
Tintinnopsella dacica	-138.5053	***
Tintinnopsella doliphormis	-145.1938	-142.1260
Tintinnopsella longa	-144.1758	-133.5600
Tintinnopsella remanei	-147.6200	-144.4639
Tintinnopsella subacuta	-140.4337	-139.2093
Tirnovella alpillensis	-141.5873	-139.2418
Tirnovella occitanica	-145.7340	-145.6760
Tirnovella pertransiens	-139.4000	-137.7731
Tirnovella romani	-139.7667	-139.7640
Top Mulichino Fm	-137.3348	-135.3357
Toulisphinctes rafaeli	-148.3400	-147.1025
Toxaster retusus	-131.6265	-131.1899
Toxaster seynensis	-131.2138	-130.5724
Tranolithus gabalus	-139.0080	-130.0138
Tranolithus salillium	-138.8495	-134.1125
Trichodinium castanea	-136.6366	-133.7586
Tubodiscus jurapelagicus	-141.3878	-130.7939
Tubodiscus verenae	-140.7182	-133.3460
Andean tuff beds
Tuff bed 139.24	-142.0638	***
Tuff bed 139.55	-141.6066	***
Tuff bed 139.96	-143.5496	***
Tuff bed 140.34	-144.6925	***
Tuff bed 142.04	-147.2261	***
Turnovella kayseri	-144.5726	-144.3114
Umbria granulosa	-147.4496	-139.1604
Umbria granulosa minor	-147.8161	***
Urgonina alpillensis	-131.4775	-130.4745
Vagalapilla compacta	-140.0507	-135.0643
Vagalapilla stradneri	-144.5798	-130.0000
Valanginites bachelardi	-138.3092	-135.2914
Valanginites nucleus	-136.9518	-135.4237
Valserina broennimanni	-131.2138	-130.5260
Valserina primitiva	-131.4775	-130.8539
Valserina turbinata	-130.7437	-130.5234
Varlheideites peregrinus	-136.3800	-135.0957
Vekshinella angusta	-133.7586	-130.9746
Vekshinella stradneri	-138.8495	-133.3458
Viluceras permolestus	-135.4249	-135.4249
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	-151.0000	-148.2974
Virgatosphinctes mendozanum	-149.7544	-148.2974
Virgatosphinctes scythicus	-149.3303	-148.9848
Wallodinium cylindrica	-138.8068	-130.0000
Wallodinium krutzschii	-142.2500	-130.0000
Wallodinium lunua	-134.1410	-133.1769
Watznaueria barnesae	-148.6707	-130.0000
Watznaueria biporta	-148.6707	-130.0161
Watznaueria britannica	-148.6707	-130.0000
Watznaueria communis	-148.6707	-130.0000
Watznaueria fossacincta	-148.6707	-130.1000
Watznaueria manivitiae	-148.6707	-131.1926
Watznaueria oblonga	-134.7194	-130.1032
Watznaueria ovata	-148.3400	-130.1558
Watznaueria supraretacea	-133.6164	-130.0390
Weavericeras vacaense	-133.3620	-132.9153
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	-148.3400	-146.3036
Windhauseniceras windhauseni	-147.6203	-147.6203
Wollemanniceras keilhacki anterior	-113.1000	-113.1000
Wollemanniceras keilhacki keilhacki	-113.1000	-113.1000
Zeugrhabdotus diplogrammus	-138.4768	-130.2117
Zeugrhabdotus embergeri	-150.3728	-130.0000
Zeugrhabdotus erectus	-146.5460	-130.1558
Zeugrhabdotus fluxus	-146.5460	-144.7867
Zeugrhabdotus pseudoangustus	-139.0080	-132.5414
Zeugrhabdotus trivectis	-134.9864	-133.5160
Zygodiscus bicrescenticus	-134.9580	-133.6510
Zygodiscus diplogrammus	-137.7970	-130.0000
Zygodiscus elegans	-141.0456	-130.0000
Zygodiscus erectus	-146.5460	-131.1695

Appendix 3: Sections and data (including taxa) that compose ANDESCS DB. Appendix 3. Andes.# are GraphCor catalog IDs. Preceding * means item not used.

Datum	Taxa/morph	base (m)	top (m)
Andes.1 Lo Valdés, Chile [33°52'25.7"S 70°02'54.6"W]: Salazar Soto, 2012, Base Valanginian at 275 m @ FO T. thurmanni. Type section of Lo Valdés Formation 0-539 m; Tithonian-Berriasian boundary at base of sill 75 m.
Argentiniceras fasciculatum	/am	280	320
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	125	200
Berriasella jacobi	/am	105	200
Corongoceras alternans	/am	10	50
Corongoceras evolutum	/am	15	45
Corongoceras involutum	/am	20	20
Corongoceras koeni	/am	20	50
Corongoceras koellikeri	/am	115	115
Corongoceras lotenoense	/am	15	45
Corongoceras multimum	/am	15	15
Corongoceras mendozanum	/am	20	20
Crioceratites andinum	/am	525	525
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	525	530
Crioceratites perditum	/am	526	526
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	270	270
Frenguelliceras magister	/am	280	345
Groebericeras rocardi	/am	245	245
Lytohoplites vareloe	/am	35	65
Lytohoplites vouloi	/am	15	45
Lytohoplites zambranoi	/am	10	70
Malbosiceras malbosi	/am	180	200
Micracanthoceras microcanthum	/am	20	45
Micracanthoceras spinulosum	/am	45	160
Spiticeras acutum	/am	205	205
Spiticeras spitiense	/am	285	285
Spiticeras tripartitum	/am	175	315
Substeueroceras calistoide	/am	35	65
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	100	245
Thurmanniceras thurmanni	/am	280	320
Andes.2 Cajón del Morado, Chile [33°48'06.1"S 70°04'12.4"W]: Salazar Soto, 2012. Lo Valdés Formation 0-580 m; Tithonian-Berriasian boundary at ~160-165 m; Base Valanginian at 290 m FO T. thurmanni; base Hauterivian between 370-540 at FO C. diamantense.
Argentiniceras fasciculatum	/am	290	345
Aspidoceras rogoznicensis	/am	75	75
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	173	305
Berriasella jacobi	/am	300	300
Chigaroceras loteroense	/am	115	173
Corongoceras alternans	/am	45	75
Corongoceras involutum	/am	26	26
Corongoceras koellikeri	/am	165	165
Crioceratites andinum	/am	540	540
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	540	540
Crioceratites perditum	/am	550	550
Frenguelliceras magister	/am	270	345
Groebericeras rocardi	/am	270	273
Lytohoplites vareloe	/am	26	100
Lytohoplites vouloi	/am	26	115
Lytohoplites zambranoi	/am	100	100
Micracanthoceras microcanthum	/am	105	105
Micracanthoceras spinulosum	/am	300	305
Neocosmoceras sayni	/am	271	273
Pseudofavrella angulatiformis	/am	290	300
Spiticeras pricei	/am	290	290
Spiticeras spitiense	/am	271	300
Spiticeras tripartitum	/am	240	355
Substeueroceras calistoide	/am	26	300
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	225	255
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	/am	273	273
Thurmanniceras thurmanni	/am	290	370
Andes.3 Cruz de Piedra, Chile [34°13'50.5"S 69°56'33.0"W]: Salazar Soto, 2012. Lo Valdés Formation 0-150 m; Base of section @ contact of Lo Valdes Fm.; Tithonian-Berriasian contact ~85-95m.
Aspidoceras rogoznicensis	/am	120	120
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	90	120
Berriasella jacobi	/am	90	130
Corongoceras koellikeri	/am	140	140
Corongoceras mendozanum	/am	50	120
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	140	150
Micracanthoceras microcanthum	/am	50	50
Micracanthoceras spinulosum	/am	50	90
Micracanthoceras vetustum	/am	100	120
Pterolytoceras exoticum	/am	110	110
Spiticeras acutum	/am	150	150
Substeueroceras calistoide	/am	50	110
Substeueroceras koeneni *Occurrence at 70 is too low	/am	90	130
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	/am	100	150
Turnovella kayseri	/am	100	110
Andes.4 Rio Maitenes, Chile [35°00'25.6"S 70°23'18.2"W]: Salazar Soto, 2012. Lo Valdés Formation 0-535 m. Tithonian-Berriasian boundary at 400 m.
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	165	200
Catutosphinctes cf. americanensis	/am	180	180
Choicensisphinctes windhauseni	/am	130	165
Corongoceras alternans	/am	360	360
Corongoceras evolutum	/am	360	360
Euvirgalithacoceras malarguense	/am	130	165
Micracanthoceras microcanthum	/am	360	360
Micracanthoceras spinulosum	/am	360	360
Pseudolissoceras cf. zitteli	/am	165	165
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	430	430
Virgatosphinctes scythicus *= V. mexicanus	/am	125	145
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	190	205
Andes.5 Las Loicas, Argentina [35°46'59.9"S 70°09'W]: Vennari et al., 2014. CA-ID-TIMS age 139.6+/-0.09/0.18 Ma" at about 58 m. Vennari, 2016. Vaca Muerta Fm. overlies Tordillo Fm., Figs. 4, 20. Lena et al., 2019, Fig. 2; dated U-Pb zircons in 4 ash beds by CA-ID-TIMS 206Pb/238U: beds LL3-139.238+/-0.0.49Ma, LL9-139.956+/-0.063Ma, LL10-140.338+/-0.083Ma, LL13-142.039+/-0.058Ma. Lopez-Martinez et al., 2017a, Fig.1.
*Lena et al., 2019, Fig. 2
Tuff bed 139.24	/mb	-54	***
Tuff bed 139.96	/mb	-41	***
Tuff bed 140.34	/mb	-31	***
Tuff bed 142.04	/mb	-2	***
*Vennari, 2016
Argentiniceras cf. fasciculatum	/am	-38	-38
Argentiniceras noduliferum	/am	-53	-66?
Berriasella subprivasensis	/am	-36	-36
Blanfordiceras sp. vetustum	/am	-35	-35
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	-58?	-68
Paradontoceras calistoides	/am	-23	-25
Spiticeras acutum	/am	-25	-25
Substeueroceras ellipsostomum	/am	-0?	-2
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	/am	-2	-2
Euvirgalithacoceras malarguense	/am	-3	4.5
Indansites malarguensis	/am	-3	-4.5
Pseudinvoluticeras primoridalis	/am	-3	-4.5
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	-7	-10
*Lopez-Martinez et al., 2017a, Fig. 1
Argentiniceras noduliferum	/am	-33	-54
*Berriasella sp.	/am	-25	-25
Berriasella subprivasensis	/am	-36	-36
Blanfordiceras sp. vetustum	/am	-35	-35
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	-58	-68
Lytohoplites burckhardti	/am	-17	-18
*Neocosmoceras sp.	/am	-60	-60
Paradontoceras calistoides	/am	-23	-25
Spiticeras acutum	/am	-25	-25
Substeueroceras ellipsostomum	/am	-1	-10
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	-25	-25
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	/am	-2	-2
Calpionella alpina	/ca	-14	-41
Crassicollaria brevis	/ca	-15.5	-33
Crassicollaria colomi	/ca	-15	-15
Crassicollaria parvula	/ca	-15	-15
Crassicollaria massutiniana	/ca	-15	-36
Tintinnopsella carpathica	/ca	-32	-33
Tintinnopsella remanei	/ca	-15	-33
*Vennari et al., 2014, Fig. 3:
Biscutum constans	/nn	-23	-44
Cyclagelosphaera deflandrei	/nn	-32.5	32.5
Cyclagelosphaera margerelii	/nn	0	-48
Diazomatolithus lehmanii	/nn	-15	-15
Eiffellithus primus	/nn	-17	-36
Manivitella pemmatoidea	/nn	32.5	-35.5
Nannoconus cornutus	/nn	-24.5	-35.5
Nannoconus kamptneri minor	/nn	-33	-37
Nannoconus steinmannii minor	/nn	-35.5	-35.5
Nannoconus wintereri	/nn	-32.5	-35.5
Polycostella senaria	/nn	-20	-37
Rhagodiscus asper	/nn	-26	-38
Umbria granulosa	/nn	-15	-36
Watznaueria barnesae	/nn	0	-58
Watznaueria biporta	/nn	0	-47.5
Watznaueria britannica	/nn	-2	-48
Watznaueria fossacincta	/nn	0	-66
Watznaueria manivitiae	/nn	-15	-34
Watznaueria ovata	/nn	0	-32
Zeugrhabdotus embergeri	/nn	-17.5	-48
Zeugrhabdotus erectus	/nn	-15	-34
Watznaueria barnesae	/nn	0	-58
Andes.6 Pampa Tril, Argentina [37°13'59.9"S 69°49'00.1"W]: Parent et al., 2015. Vaca Muerta Fm., Tithonian-lower Valanginian, Figs. 2, 5, 421.6 m thick; Overlies Tordillo Fm., underlies Quintuco Fm.
Argentiniceras noduliferum	/am	155	155
Aspidoceras depressus ID as cf.	/am	183	183
Aulacosphinctes proximus ID as Catutosphinctes ?	/am	39	42
Blanfordiceras vetustum	/am	101	123
Catutosphinctes guenenokenensis	/am	2	6
Catutosphinctes inflatus	/am	82	102
Catutosphinctes proximus	/am	39	42
Choicensisphinctes burckhardti	/am	5	28
Choicensisphinctes erinoides	/am	17	28
Choicensisphinctes platyconus	/am	2	6
Choicensisphinctes striolatus	/am	105	135
Cieneguiticeras falculatum	/am	21	28
Cieneguiticeras cf. perlaevis	/am	17	21
Corongoceras mendozanum	/am	63?	101
Corongoceras steinmanni	/am	101	101
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	183	183
Groebericeras bifrons	/am	154	154
Haploceras staszycii	/am	21	28
Himalayites cf. treubi	/am	139	139
Krantziceras azulense	/am	105	105
Krantziceras compressum	/am	154	155
Krantziceras disputabile	/am	63	63
Krantziceras planulatum	/am	146	149
Lissonia riveroi	/am	231	285
Lithoceras picunleufuense	/am	2	6
Lytoceras montanum	/am	109	109
Mazatepites arredondense	/am	21	21
Neocosmoceras malbosiforme	/am	183	192
Neocomites wichmanni	/am	211	213
Paradontoceras calistoides	/am	87	109
Pasottia andina	/am	21	28
Pseudhimalayites subpretiosus	/am	42	42
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	17	28
Raimondiceras alexandrense	/am	164	164
Spiticeras fraternum	/am	183	183
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	137	139
Subthurmannia boissieri	/am	164	209
Toulisphinctes cf. rafaeli	/am	42	63
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	42	43
Andes.7 El Portón, Argentina [37°11'52.1"S 69°41'03.1"W]: Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, Fig. 3; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019, Figs. 3-4.
Top Mulichino	/mb	0	0
Agrio tuff bed 126.97	/mb	-660	***
Agrio tuff bed 130.40	/mb	-180	***
Assipetra terebrodentarius	/nn	-640	-645
Biscutum constans	/nn	-527	-527
Bukrylithus ambiguus	/nn	-580	-580
Clepsilithus maculosus	/nn	-470	-650
Cretarhabdus conicus	/nn	-43	-580
Cretarhabdus striatus	/nn	-75	-625
Cretarhabdus surirellus ID in Retacapsa	/nn	-135	-660
Crucibiscutum nequenensis	/nn	-460	-517
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri	/nn	-55	-465
Cyclagelosphaera deflandrei	/nn	-502	-582
Cyclagelosphaera margerelii	/nn	-5	-650
Diazomatolithus lehmanii	/nn	-127	-470
Eiffellithus striatus	/nn	-15	-460
Eiffellithus windi	/nn	-15	-175
Eprolithus floralis	/nn	-527	-542
Ethmorhabdus hauterivianus	/nn	-517	-625
Helenea chiastia	/nn	-165	-625
Lithraphidites bollii	/nn	-465	-650
Lithraphidites carniolensis	/nn	-185	-655
Manivitella pemmatoidea	/nn	-125	-617
Markalius inversus	/nn	-592	-592
Micrantholithus hoschulzii	/nn	-5	-667
Micrantholithus obtusus	/nn	-5	-662
Nannoconus bucheri	/nn	-185	-655
Nannoconus circularis	/nn	-95	-650
Nannoconus elongatus	/nn	-190	-592
Nannoconus globulus globulus	/nn	-43	-662
Nannoconus globulus minor	/nn	-43	-274
Nannoconus kamptneri	/nn	-43	-662
Nannoconus ligius	/nn	-517	-622
Nannoconus steinmannii	/nn	-147	-662
Nannoconus truitti	/nn	-260	-622
Percivalia fenestrata	/nn	-205	-650
Retecapsa angustiforata	/nn	-185	-640
Retecapsa octofenestratus	/nn	-475	-650
Retecapsa surirella	/nn	-135	-660
Rhagodiscus asper	/nn	-33	-655
Staurolithites crux	/nn	-140	-625
Tubodiscus jurapelagicus	/nn	-267	-580
Tubodiscus verenae	/nn	-260	-260
Watznaueria barnesae	/nn	-5	-662
Watznaueria biporta	/nn	-15	-662
Watznaueria fossacincta	/nn	-5	-667
Watznaueria manivitiae	/nn	-502	-530
Watznaueria ovata	/nn	-490	-660
Zeugrhabdotus embergeri	/nn	-5	-635
Zeugrhabdotus erectus	/nn	-157	-660
Zeugrhabdotus diplogrammus	/nn	-160	-653
Chacantuceras ornatum	/am	-35	-50
Crioceratites andinum	/am	-493	-494
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	-489	-494
Crioceratites perditum	/am	-498	-501
Crioceratites schlagintweiti	/am	-463	-465
Decliveites agrioensis	/am	-117	-135
Decliveites crassicostatum	/am	-88	-88
Holcoptychites agrioensis	/am	-170	-178
Holcoptychites magdalensae	/am	-140	-161
Hoplytocrioceris gentilli	/am	-205	-225
Hoplytocrioceris giovinei	/am	-195	-198
Olcostephanus laticosta	/am	-182	-188
Paraspiticeras groeberi	/am	-459	-618
Pseudofavrella australe	/am	-34	-34
Pseudofavrella garatei	/am	-2	-5
Sabaudiella riverorum	/am	-655	-655
Viluceras permolestus	/am	-1	-1
Weavericeras vacaense	/am	-258	-314
Andes.7b El Portón, Argentina [37°11'52.1"S 69°41'03.1"W]: Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019. Pilmatue Mbr. 0-317 m; Avilé Mbr. Agua de la Mula Mbr. 447-700 m.
Marker tuff bed 126.97	/mb	-660	***
Marker tuff bed 130.40	/mb	-170	***
Assipetra terebrodentarius	/nn	-640	-645
Biscutum constans	/nn	-527	-527
Bukrylithus ambiguus	/nn	-580	-580
Clepsilithus maculosus	/nn	-470	-650
Cretarhabdus conicus	/nn	-43	-580
Cretarhabdus striatus	/nn	-75	-625
Cretarhabdus surirellus ID as Retacapsa	/nn	-135	-660
Crucibiscutum nequenensis	/nn	-460	-517
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri	/nn	-55	-465
Cyclagelosphaera deflandrei	/nn	-502	-582
Cyclagelosphaera margerelii	/nn	-5	-650
Diazomatolithus lehmanii	/nn	-127	-470
Eiffellithus striatus	/nn	-15	-460
Eiffellithus windi	/nn	-15	-175
Eprolithus floralis	/nn	-527	-542
Ethmorhabdus hauterivianus	/nn	-517	-625
Helenea chiastia	/nn	-165	-625
Lithraphidites bollii	/nn	-465	-650
Lithraphidites carniolensis	/nn	-185	-655
Manivitella pemmatoidea	/nn	-125	-617
Markalius inversus	/nn	-592	-592
Micrantholithus hoschulzii	/nn	-5	-667
Micrantholithus obtusus	/nn	-5	-662
Nannoconus bucheri	/nn	-185	-655
Nannoconus circularis	/nn	-95	-650
Nannoconus elongatus	/nn	-190	-592
Nannoconus globulus globulus	/nn	-43	-662
Nannoconus globulus minor	/nn	-43	-274
Nannoconus kamptneri	/nn	-43	-662
Nannoconus lignus	/nn	-517	-622
Nannoconus steinmannii	/nn	-147	-662
Nannoconus truitti	/nn	-260	-622
Percivalia fenestrata	/nn	-205	-650
Retecapsa angustiforata	/nn	-185	-640
Retecapsa octofenestratus	/nn	-475	-650
Retecapsa surirella	/nn	-135	-660
Rhagodiscus asper	/nn	-33	-655
Staurolithites crux	/nn	-140	-625
Tubodiscus jurapelagicus	/nn	-267	-580
Tubodiscus verenae	/nn	-260	-260
Watznaueria barnesae	/NN	-5	-662
Watznaueria biporta	/NN	-15	-662
Watznaueria fossacincta	/NN	-5	-667
Watznaueria manivitiae	/NN	-502	-530
Watznaueria ovata	/NN	-490	-660
Zeugrhabdotus embergeri	/NN	-5	-635
Zeugrhabdotus erectus	/NN	-157	-660
Zeugrhabdotus diplogrammus	/nn	-160	-653
Chacantuceras ornatum	/am	-35	-50
Crioceratites andinum	/am	-493	-494
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	-489	-494
Crioceratites perditum	/am	-498	-501
Crioceratites schlagintweiti	/am	-463	-465
Decliveites agrioensis	/am	-117	-135
Decliveites crassicostatum	/am	-88	-88
Holcoptychites agrioensis	/am	-170	-178
Holcoptychites magdalensae	/am	-140	-161
Hoplytocrioceris gentilli	/am	-205	-225
Hoplytocrioceris giovinei	/am	-195	-198
Olcostephanus laticosta	/am	-182	-188
Paraspiticeras groeberi	/am	-459	-618
Pseudofavrella australe	/am	-34	-34
Pseudofavrella garatei	/am	-2	-5
Sabaudiella riverorum	/am	-655	-655
Viluceras permolestus	/am	-1	-1
Weavericeras vacaense	/am	-258	-314
Andes.8 Real de las Coloradas, Argentina [34°01'59.9"S 69°43'59.9"W]: Vennari, 2016. Vaca Muerta Fm. overlies Tordillo Fm. Revises Parent's taxonomy(2011).
Choicensisphinctes choicensis = C. platyconus Parent	/am	8	10
Choicensisphinctes platyconus	/am	1	10
Cieneguiticeras perlaevis	/am	8	18
Pseudinvoluticeras douvillei = C. lotenoensis Parent	/am	9	12
Pseudinvoluticeras primoridalis = C. platyconus Parent	/am	1	8
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	10	18
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	10	12
Virgatosphinctes mendozanum	/am	10	12
Andes.9 Cerro Domuyo, Argentina [36°40'59.9"S 70°25'59.9"W]: Vennari, 2016. Vaca Muerta Fm. overlies Tordillo Fm. Revises Parent's taxonomy (2011).
Choicensisphinctes choicensis = C. platyconus Parent	/am	3	5
Choicensisphinctes platyconus	/am	3	5
Choicensisphinctes erinoides	/am	26	40
Pseudinvoluticeras douvillei	/am	3	3
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	26	40
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	0	0
Andes.10 Mina San Eduardo Composite Section, Argentina [~37°32'25.1"S 70°22'00.1"W]:Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2015, Fig. 2; 0-505 m Agrio Fm. Agua de la Mula Mbr. overlies Avilé Mbr., underlies Huitrín Fm. Inoceramid from Lazo, 2006.
Agrio tuff bed 127.42	/mb	-470	***
Agrio tuff bed 129.09	/mb	-10	***
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	-90	***
Crioceratites schlagintweiti	/am	-40	***
Paraspiticeras groeberi	/am	-410	-470
Sabaudiella riverorum	/am	-480	***
Spitidiscus kilapiae	/am	-2	-2
Spitidiscus riccardii	/am	0	-12
Clepsilithus maculosus	/nn	-15	-410
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri	/nn	-27	-80
Lithraphidites bollii	/nn	-65	-440
Nannoconus ligius	/nn	-365	-470
Neocomiceramus curacoensis	/bi	-45	-190
Andes.11 Arroyo Truquico, Neuquén, Argentina [37°26'06.0"S 70°37'53.4"W]: Aguirre-Urreta., 1998, Fig. 2. Lower member Agrio Fm. overlies Mulichino Fm. at 0 m;
Top Mulichino	/mb	18	18
Karakaschiceras attenuatus	/am	40	70
Karakaschiceras neumayri	/am	35	35
Neohoploceras arnoldi	/am	35	40
Olcostephanus atherstoni	/am	25	35
Pseudofavrella angulatiformis	/am	145	145
Pseudofavrella garatei	/am	145	145
Andes.12 Cerro La Parva, Neuquén, Argentina [37°15'46.1"S 70°30'47.9"W]: Aguirre-Urreta, 1998, Fig. 2. Lower member Agrio Fm. overlyies Mulichino Fm., Valanginian.
Top Mulichino	/mb	-10	-10
Karakaschiceras attenuatus	/am	30	73
Karakaschiceras neumayri	/am	20	22
Neohoploceras arnoldi	/am	20	22
Olcostephanus atherstoni	/am	5	22
Pseudofavrella angulatiformis	/am	115	115
Andes.13 Arroyo Loncoche, Argentina [35°31'40.4"S 69°39'07.9"W]: Kietzmann et al., 2018, Figs. 3, 6; Iglesia Llanos et al., 2017.
Andes J-K SB 4	/MB	270	***
Andes J-K SB 3	/MB	215	***
Andes J-K SB 2	/MB	149	***
Andes J-K SB 1	/MB	75	***
Andiceras acuticostum ID cf.	/am	65	70
Argentiniceras noduliferum	/am	220	225
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	60	70
Blanfordiceras vetustum ID cf.	/am	150	153
Catutosphinctes americanensis	/am	105	105
Choicensisphinctes cf. erinoides	/am	18	35
Corongoceras lotenoense	/am	140	145
Corongoceras cf. mendozanum	/am	135	135
Cuyaniceras raripartitum	/am	225	230
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	240	255
Laeviaptychus crassissimus	/am	25	50
Laeviaptychus latus	/am	70	117
Micracanthoceras lamberti	/am	90	90
Pseudinvoluticeras sp. primoridalis	/am	10	12
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	25	60
Spiticeras damesi	/am	220	275
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	183	185
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	0	5
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	75	90
Data from Kietzmann et al., 2011, Fig. 3
Eiffellithus primus	/nn	67	***
Polycostella beckmannii	/nn	62	***
Polycostella senaria	/nn	121	***
Umbria granulosa	/nn	82	***
Data from Iglesia Llanos et al., 2017
Magnetochron M15r	/MA	***
Magnetochron M16n	/MA	***	260
Magnetochron M16r	/MA	***	240
Magnetochron M17n	/MA	***	215
Magnetochron M17r	/MA	***	200
Magnetochron M18n	/MA	***	190
Magnetochron M18r	/MA	***	180
Magnetochron M19n	/MA	***	160
*Magnetochron M19n.1r	/MA	***
*Magnetochron M19n.2n	/MA	***
Magnetochron M19r	/MA	***	147
Magnetochron M20n	/MA	***	135
Magnetochron M20n.1r	/MA	***	125
Magnetochron M20n.2n	/MA	***	118
*Magnetochron M20r	/MA	***
Magnetochron M21n	/MA	***	75
Magnetochron M21r	/MA	***	58
Andes.14 Cuesta del Chihuido, Argentina [35°45'39.6"S 69°42'35.3"W]: *Kietzmann et al., 2018, Fig. 3; Iglesia Llanos et al., 2017. Vaca Muerta Fm., Tithonian-Berriasian. Reported section thickness 185 m. *Kietzmann et al., 2021a [35°44'49.6"S 69°34'37.2"W]
Andes J-K SB 4	/MB	195	*
Andes J-K SB 3	/MB	164	*
Andes J-K SB 2	/MB	113	*
Andes J-K SB 1	/MB	58	*
Argentiniceras bituberculatum cf.?	/am	165	168
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	72	75
Blanfordiceras vetustum	/am	114	117
Choicensisphinctes erinoides cf.?	/am	32	72
Corongoceras mendozanum cf.?	/am	80	110
Laeviaptychus crassissimus	/am	10	58
Laeviaptychus latus	/am	65	80
Neocomites wichmanni cf.?	/am	200	200
Pseudinvoluticeras primordialis sp.?	/am	17	32
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	30	45
Spiticeras damesi cf.?	/am	170	175
Substeueroceras koeneni sp.?	/am	120	152
*Virgatosphinctes andesensis sp.? * defines base of V. andesensis Zone	/am	0	32
Virgatosphinctes mendozanum	/am	0	32
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	60	78
Windhauseniceras windhauseni	/am	60	75
*Kietzman et al., 2021a
Borzaiella slovenica	/dn	50	61
Chitinoidella boneti	/dn	59	87
Chitinoidella hegarati	/dn	59	59
Calpionella alpina	/ca	110	155
Calpionella elliptalpina	/ca	118	121
Calpionella elliptica	/ca	155	155
Calpionella grandalpina	/ca	89	128
Calpionellites darderi	/ca	200	200
Calpionellopsis oblonga	/ca	190	200
Calpionellopsis simplex	/ca	160	200
Crassicollaria brevis	/ca	110	119
Crassicollaria massutiniana	/ca	89	100
Crassicollaria parvula	/ca	114	128
Lorenziella hungarica	/ca	160	200
Tintinnopsella carpathica	/ca	72	175
Tintinnopsella doliphormis	/ca	195	200
Tintinnopsella longa	/ca	155	185
Tintinnopsella remanei	/ca	72	89
Andes.15 Bardas Blancas, Argentina [35°52'40.8"S 69°54'32.0"W]: Kietzmann et al., 2018, Fig. 3. Vaca Muerta Fm.
Andes J-K SB 4	/MB	235	***
Andes J-K SB 3	/MB	180	***
Andes J-K SB 2	/MB	110	***
Andes J-K SB 1	/MB	50	***
Andiceras cf. acuticostum	/am	80	80
Berriasella sp.	/am	108	119
Chigaroceras loteroense	/am	72	72
Choicensisphinctes choicensis	/am	5	20
Cuyaniceras raripartitum	/am	205	205
Laeviaptychus crassissimus	/am	26	30
Lissonia riveroi	/am	270	270
Neocomites cf. wichmanni	/am	240	242
Spiticeras acutum	/am	160	160
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	113	158
Substeueroceras striolatissimum	/am	100	100
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	18	18
Virgatosphinctes mendozanum	/am	3	3
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	50	70
Andes.16 Arroyo Rahue, Argentina [35°59'56.8"S 69°56'35.9"W]: Kietzmann et al., 2018, Fig. 3. Vaca Muerta Fm.
Andes J-K SB 4	/MB	205	***
Andes J-K SB 3	/MB	158	***
Andes J-K SB 2	/MB	91	***
Andes J-K SB 1	/MB	25	***
Argentiniceras noduliferum	/am	160	160
Blanfordiceras vetustum	/am	100	100
Corongoceras lotenoense	/am	45	50
?Neocomites crassicostatum	/am	180	183
Laeviaptychus latus	/am	20	30
Micracanthoceras lamberti	/am	60	60
Pseudinvoluticeras douvillei	/am	10	10
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	7	15
Spiticeras damesi	/am	190	195
Substeueroceras cf. striolatissimum	/am	92	105
Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	4	4
Virgatosphinctes mendozanum	/am	4	4
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	25	30
Windhauseniceras windhauseni	/am	20	20
Andes.17 Los Catutos, Argentina [38°49'12.0"S 70°10'12.0"W]: López-Martínez et al., 2017b, Fig. 6. Vaca Muerta Fm., Los Catutos Mbr. overlies Tordillo Fm.
Aspidoceras aff. euomphalum	/am	81	81
Aspidoceras quinchaoi	/am	77	95
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	32	52
Choicensisphinctes erinoides	/am	3	16
Choicensisphinctes choicensis	/am	3	6
Corongoceras cf. praecursor	/am	35	35
Djurjuriceras catutosense	/am	91	95
Pseudinvoluticeras douvillei	/am	0	6
Pseudinvoluticeras primoridalis	/am	0	6
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	18	22
Toulisphinctes rafaeli	/am	57	60
*ID as Catutosphinctes	/am
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	61	95
Magnetochron M20n.2n	/ma	*	87
Magnetochron M20r	/ma	*	61
Magnetochron M21n	/ma	*	51
Magnetochron M21r	/ma	*	37
Magnetochron M22n	/ma	*	30
Magnetochron M22r	/ma	*	5
Andes.18a Bajada Viejo, Neuquén Basin, Argentina [38°22'S 70°W]: Lazo et al., 2009, Fig. 2a. The Agrio Formation age @ 235m 136.4 Ma by biostratigraphic correlation. Valanginian-Hauterivian Stage boundary at 235 m at FAD Holcoptychites neuquensis.
Top Mulichino	/mb	0	0
Clepsilithus maculosus	/nn	70	***
Eiffellithus striatus	/nn	8	***
Nannoconus bucheri	/nn	68	***
Nannoconus circularis	/nn	68	***
Chacantuceras ornatum	/am	32	***
Holcoptychites agrioensis	/am	315	***
Holcoptychites neuquensis	/am	235	***
Hoplytocrioceris gentilli	/am	412	***
Hoplytocrioceris giovinei	/am	408	***
Neocomites crassicostatum	/am	79	***
Neocomites wichmanni	/am	79	***
Olcostephanus laticosta	/am	388	***
Pseudofavrella angulatiformis	/am	3	***
Weavericeras vacaense	/am	446	***
Andes.18b Bajada del Agrio, Neuquén Basin, Argentina [38°22'S 70°W]: Lazo et al., 2009, Fig. 2b. The Agrio Formation ages @ 5m 133.8 Ma & @ 470m = 130.0 Ma by biostratigraphic correlation. Hauterivian-Barremian Stage boundary at 470 m in Paraspiticeras groeberi Zone.
Top Avilé Member	/mb	0	0
Clepsilithus maculosus	/nn	***	432
Eiffellithus striatus	/nn	8	***
Nannoconus bucheri	/nn	***	390
Neocomiceramus curacoensis	/bi	138	***
Crioceratites andinum	/am	78	***
Crioceratites diamantense	/am	78	***
Paraspiticeras groeberi	/am	417	***
Spitidiscus riccardii	/am	5	***
Andes.19 Arroyo Cieneguita, Neuquén Basin, Argentina [35°33'S 69°24'W]: Parent et al., 2011. Vaca Muerta Fm., Tithonian-lower Valanginian, Fig. 2, 143 m thick. Overlies Upper Jurassic Tordillo Fm. sandstone.
Aspidoceras cf. euomphalum	/am	28	100
Blanfordiceras vetustum	/am	95	110
Catutosphinctes guenenokenensis	am	0	7
Catutosphinctes inflatus	/am	89	10
Catutosphinctes proximus	/am	28	71
Choicensisphinctes platyconus	/am	0	3
Choicensisphinctes striolatus	/am	110	111
Cieneguiticeras falculatum	/am	28	49
Cieneguiticeras cf. perlaevis	/am	0	21
Corongoceras mendozanum	/am	89	100
Cuyaniceras transgrediens	/am	123	130
Groebericeras bifrons	/am	117	123
Lithoceras picunleufuense	/am	0	3
Mazatepites arredondense	/am	21	36
Paradontoceras calistoides	/am	95	111
Pasottia andina	/am	11	18
Pseudhimalayites subpretiosus	/am	28	36
Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	11	21
Spiticeras fraternum	/am	117	130
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	110	111
Toulisphinctes rafaeli ID as cf.	/am	28	49
Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	49	71
Andes.22 Composite Chos Malal Section, Argentina [37°28'08.4"S 69°58'46.6"W]: Composed of  Andes 6 Pampa Tril, Argentina, Parent et al., 2015. Vaca Muerta Fm., Tithonian-lower Valanginian, Figs. 2, 5, 421.6 m thick; Overlies Upper Jurassic Tordillo Fm. sandstone and underlies lower Valanginian Quintuco Fm. claystone.  Puerta Curaco section, Schwarz et al., 2006, Fig. 11, Mulichinco Fm. 340m, base on Vaca Muerta, top at Agrio; add 630 m to all below: Andes.7 El Porton Section, Argentina [37°11'52.1"S 69°41'03.1"W]: Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2017, Fig. 3; Aguirre-Urreta et al., 2019, Figs. 3-4. Radiometric date @ 660m 126.97+/-0.04 Ma = 1290 Radiometric date @ 180m 130.39+/-0.16 Ma = 810 Mulichinco Fm. overlain by Agrio Fm., Pilmatue Mbr. base at 0m; Avile Mbr. continental deposits 317-437 m; Hauterivian Stage duration 5.21+/-0.08 myr from 131.29 to 126.08+/-0.19 Ma. Andes.22b, Puerta Curaco, Argentina [37°22'26.0"S 69°56'17.2"W]: Kietzman et al., 2021a (37°22'26.2"S 69°56'17.2"W); ss V. andesensis to S. damesi zones. *Kietzmann et al., 2018.
*Zones on chart Fig. 6.
*Neocomites wichmanni	/am	265	360
*Spiticeras damesi	/am	160	265
*Argenticeras noduliferum	/am	140	160
*Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	85	140
*Corongoceras alternans	/am	65	85
*Windhauseniceras internispinosum	/am	40	65
*Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	30	40
*Pseudolissoceras zitteli	/am	10	30
*Virgatosphinctes andesensis	/am	0	10
*Kietzmann et al., 2021a, Fig. 6.
Borzaiella slovenica	/dn	20	92
Chitinoidella boneti	/ca	40	45
Calpionella alpina	/ca	92	265
Calpionella elliptalpina	/ca	92	92
Calpionella elliptica	/ca	195	265
Calpionella grandalpina	/ca	80	120
Calpionellites darderi	/ca	310	310
Calpionellopsis oblonga	/ca	225	360
Calpionellopsis simplex	/ca	165	300
Crassicollaria brevis	/ca	165	165
Crassicollaria massutiniana	/ca	60	15
Crassicollaria parvula	/ca	70	70
Lorenziella hungarica	/ca	195	290
Tintinnopsella carpathica	/ca	55	360
Tintinnopsella remanei	/ca	55	80
Andes.23 Las Tapaderas, Argentina [estimated: 35°24'S 70°18'W]: *Kietzmann et al., 2021b, Fig. 3. base conformable above Tordillo Fm.; top overlain by Pleistocene volcanics
Aulacosphinctes proximus	/am	0	2
Corongoceras alternans	/am	35	38
Corongoceras lotenoense ID ?	/am	8	8
Corongoceras praecursor	/am	20	20
Substeueroceras koeneni	/am	61	61
Chitinoidella boneti	/ca	8	42
Calpionella alpina	/ca	35	64
Calpionella elliptica	/ca	64	64
Calpionella grandalpina	/ca	25	25
Crassicollaria brevis	/ca	35	40
*Crassicollaria colomi ID ? too high	/ca	59	61
Crassicollaria massutiniana	/ca
Crassicollaria parvula	/ca	35	61
Lorenziella hungarica	/ca
Tintinnopsella carpathica	/ca	16	64
Tintinnopsella doliphormis	/ca
Tintinnopsella longa	/ca
Tintinnopsella remanei	/ca	16	16
Cadosina fusca	/dn	61	64
Colomisphaera fortis	/dn	25	64
Colomisphaera tenuis	/dn	2	64
Stomiosphaera echinata	/dn	36	61
Stomiosphaera proxima	/dn	40	64
Stomiosphaera wanneri	/dn	61	64

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