◄ Carnets Geol. 18 (3) ►
Outline:
[Introduction]
[Study area]
[Material and methods]
[Systematic palaeontology]
[Discussion]
[Bibliographic references] and ...
[Plates]
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Geología (IGL), Estación Regional del Noroeste (ERNO), Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico)
Khalifa University - The Petroleum Institute, Department of Petroleum Geosciences, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Dresden, Saxony (Germany)
Published online in final form (pdf) on April 1, 2018
DOI 10.4267/2042/66094
[Editor: Bruno Granier]
A Lower Cenomanian marine succession rich in corals is reported from the western margin of the Pelagonian zone in central Greece. The succession starts with a coarse conglomerate followed by sandstone, nodular limestone and massive limestone. Fifteen levels contain corals with the nodular limestone being the most species-rich. As a total, 78 species in 46 genera are described. They belong to 15 superfamilies. Three genera and four species are described as new. The new genera belong to the families Heterocoeniidae and Felixaraeidae, and the informal Plesiosmiliids. The record of six genera results in stratigraphical range extensions. The coral associations show more relationships to Lower than to Upper Cretaceous faunas. Thirty-nine genera already existed before the Cenomanian and 33 genera continued into the Middle Cenomanian, but only 19 genera persisted into the Turonian. The coral fauna has close palaeobiogeographic relationships with mainly Boreal or North Tethyan Cenomanian faunas such as those of the Aquitanian Basin, the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, or with faunas from the northern margin of the Rhenish Massif, but shares also species with the Upper Aptian to Lower Albian of the Bisbee Basin in North America and with faunas of the Lower to Middle Albian of the Northern Pyrenees.
• Corals;
• Greece;
• Cretaceous;
• Scleractinia;
• taxonomy;
• new taxa
Löser H., Steuber T. & Löser C. (2018).- Early Cenomanian coral faunas from Nea Nikopoli (Kozani, Greece; Cretaceous).- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 23-121.
Faune corallienne d'âge Cénomanien inférieur de Nea Nikopoli (Kozani, Grčce ; Crétacé).- Une série marine riche en coraux d'âge Cénomanien inférieur est signalée sur la marge occidentale de la zone pélagonienne en Grčce centrale. La série débute par un conglomérat grossier suivi d'un grčs, d'un calcaire noduleux et d'un calcaire massif. Quinze niveaux renferment des coraux, le calcaire noduleux étant le plus riche en espčces. En tout 78 espčces réparties en 46 genres et 15 superfamilles sont décrites. Trois genres et quatre espčces sont nouveaux. Les nouveaux genres appartiennent ŕ la famille des Heterocoeniidae et ŕ celle des Felixaraeidae, ainsi qu'ŕ celle informelle des Plésiosmiliidés. Les assemblages de coraux montrent plus de relations avec des faunes du Crétacé inférieur qu'avec celles du Crétacé supérieur. 39 genres existaient déjŕ avant le Cénomanien et 33 se sont prolongés dans le Cénomanien moyen, mais seulement 19 ont persisté jusque dans le Turonien. La faune corallienne montre des relations paléobiogéographiques étroites avec principalement des faunes du Cénomanien boréal ou nord-téthysien comme celles du Bassin d'Aquitaine, du Bassin Basco-Cantabrique, ou avec des faunes de la marge nord du Massif rhénan, mais elle partage aussi des espčces avec l'Aptien supérieur ou l'Albien inférieur du Bassin de Bisbee en Amérique du Nord ainsi qu'avec des faunes de l'Albien inférieur ŕ moyen des Pyrénées septentrionales.
• Coraux ;
• Grčce ;
• Crétacé ;
• Scleractinia;
• taxinomie ;
• nouveaux taxons
The Cretaceous section of Nea Nikopoli (40°19'45"N, 21°44'15"E), about 5 km NW of Kozani, was first described by Brunn (1956), under the former Turkish name Scafidi. Brunn described the outcrop briefly, provided a preliminary columnar section, and listed various microfossils (mainly foraminifers, among them orbitolinids) and macrofossils (gastropods, bivalves and four coral species). Based on rudist bivalves and microfossils, he assigned the section to the Cenomanian and partly Turonian. Kollmann (1987) provided a comprehensive report on the gastropod fauna and restricted the age of the section to the early Late Cenomanian, based on rudists and nerineid gastropods, and reported corals of the genus Cunnolites (= Cyclolites). Both authors recognised corals only from the lower siliciclastic part of the section where solitary corals and the small circular colonies of Aspidiscus are abundant. However, corals are also abundant in the more calcareous part of the section, but weather out more easily in the lower, siliciclastic part, where they consequently appear to be more abundant and diverse. After a prospective visit in 1995, subsequent lithological and palaeontological studies during 1996 revealed a rich fauna not only of gastropods, but also of corals, rudists and other bivalves.
While Cenomanian bivalve faunas are relatively well known from the Tethys (Philip,
1978, 1998; Malchus,
1990; Dhondt & Dieni,
1992; Steuber & Löser,
2000; Berndt, 2004;
Ayoub-Hannaa,
2011; Ayoub-Hannaa & Fürsich,
2011), Tethyan coral faunas of this age received only limited attention, in contrast to the Boreal Cenomanian coral faunas, which are much better known and have been recently revised (Eliášová,
1992, 1994, 1996a,
1996b, 1997a, 1997b,
2004; Löser, 1989,
1994, 2014b, 2015a). The taxonomy of Tethyan Cenomanian corals is mostly outdated (Coquand,
1862; Fromentel, 1862-1887; Montanaro-Gallitelli,
1937; Söhle, 1897; Stoliczka,
1873), with only a few more recent revisions (Turnšek et al.,
1992; Gameil, 1997; Löser & Mohanti,
2004; Löser et al.,
2013; Fig. 1 
). Other Tethyan faunas turned out to be older than originally assumed (Prever,
1909; Markovic & Andjelkovic,
1953), possibly consist of a combination of corals from different ages (Hackemesser,
1936, 1937), or have been presented only cursorily (Wilmsen,
1996, 1997).
The fauna from Nea Nikopoli described here provides data from a hitherto less explored area. Although the relatively poor state of preservation of the corals from Nea Nikopoli considerably limits the taxonomic classification, the fauna presents numerous yet unknown taxa and improves our knowledge on the relationship between Boreal and Tethyan faunas.
|
Figure 1:
Palaeogeographic map of the western and central Tethys (100 ma, Late Albian, Base of the Dispar zone) with the study area and locations of important Cenomanian faunas. Tectonic units: Pe, Pelagonian. Localities (circles): *, study area, west Pelagonian zone; A, Aquitanian Basin, SW margin of the Massif Central (coral faunas in
Charente-Maritime, France); B, Bohemian Massif (exposed before the late Middle Cenomanian; coral faunas in Bohemia, Czech Republic); C,
Basque-Cantabrian Basin (coral faunas close to Santander, Cantabria, Spain); D, Austroalpine unit (coral fauna of the Roßsteinalm area W Kreuth in the Alps). Modified after Löser, Werner & Darga
(2013). Map © Ron Blakey, NAU Geology
(http://cpgeosystems.com). |
The outcrop area in the West of Kozani (Fig. 2 ) belongs to the western margin of the Pelagonian tectonostratigraphic zone of the Hellenids. During the
latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Maliakian nappes and the Eohellenic ophiolite complex were thrusted over the mainly crystalline Pelagonian basement, forming an Eohellenian cordillera. This cordillera was subsequently uplifted and eroded during the Early Cretaceous. In the early Late Cretaceous the area was flooded by a shallow marine sea, resulting in the sedimentary deposits that are described in the present study. The depositional environment subsequently deepened, and the resulting basin was then filled with
Upper Cretaceous calcareous and Paleogene flysch-type deposits (Jacobshagen,
1985).
|
Figure
2:
Location of the study area. |
The sections studied were all measured at a hill to the West of the village of Nea Nikopoli (Fig. 3 ). Because of vegetation cover and faulting, it was not possible to measure one complete section. Four sections were recorded, three at the eastern slope and one at the
south-eastern slope of the hill (Fig. 3 ). Section A is the oldest part, located on the eastern slope of the hill. Section B, also located on the eastern flank, is a very short section but can be correlated with section A (Fig. 4 ). Section C on the
south-eastern slope is stratigraphically higher than section A, but cannot be correlated with it. The youngest part of section A may partly correspond to the lower part of section C. Section D at the eastern slope is stratigraphically lower than section C (Fig. 5 ).
|
Figure
3:
Outcrop situation with the locations of the sections. |
|
Figure
4:
Sections A and B. |
|
|
Figure
5:
Sections C and D. |
The Cretaceous deposits transgressively follow above obducted ophiolitic rocks. The ophiolitic rocks themselves are not exposed, only three metres of coarse conglomerate with ophiolitic components of about 25 cm in diameter (A1) indicate the proximity of the basement. This unit does not contain any macrofossils. An unbedded silty sandstone (A2) follows, that contains gastropods (Turritella choffati, Sogdianella syriaca), bivalves, small solitary (Caryophylliidae indet., Phyllosmilia, Plesiolites) and colonial corals (Aspidiscus), orbitolinid foraminifers, and spines of regular echinids. Upwards follows a sandstone with nodular limestone beds (A3) with gastropods (Turritella choffati), solitary and colonial corals (Aspidiscus), and orbitolinid formaninifers. Two limestone beds (A4, A5) contain corals, bivalves (Neithea), gastropods, rudists (Apricardia, Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae), and fragments of echinoids. Above a fine-grained conglomerate with components of ophiolite and limestone of 2-4 mm in diametre, showing spherical weathering (A6), follow numerous beds of a nodular limestone (A7-12) that all contain (mainly colonial) corals, gastropods (mainly Nerineidae), rudists (Apricardia, Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae), and other bivalves, such as Ilymatogyra africana (Lamarck, 1801), Rhynchostreon ? suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801), Rastellum carinatum (Lamarck, 1806), Chondrodonta joannae (Choffat, 1886), Neithea (Neithea) zitteli (Pirona, 1884), and Spondylus sp. This part of the section is not well exposed and numerous isolated records of macrofossils could not be assigned to any specific bed. The majority of the corals has been collected from beds A5-A12.
Section B is located to the Southeast of section A, and consists only of one exposed bed of a coarse, immature sandstone with colonial corals (Aspidiscus, Columastrea, Mixastrea, Pachygyra), gastropods, rudists (very large Caprinidae, Radiolitidae) and other bivalves (Neithea).
The third section C is located on the south-eastern slope of the hill and encompasses mainly coral-rudist-limestones. The base of the section is not exposed and cannot be confidently correlated with section A. Fifty-two beds are distinguished. Beds C1 to C12 contain corals, gastropods (mainly Nerineidae), rudists, and orbitolinid formaninifers. Non-rudist bivalves were not found. Bed C1 is a silty to sandy, impure limestone with solitary (Aulastraeopora, Paramontlivaltia) and colonial (Brachycoenia) corals and rudists (Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae) in life position. Bed C2 is a coarse-grained limestone with orbitolinid foraminifers, and shell fragments. Bed C3 is a bioclastic limestone with complete rudists (Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae) and colonial corals (Hydnophoraraea) which are not in life position. Bed C4 is a bioclastic limestone with rudists (small Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae) and solitary (Paramontlivaltia) and colonial corals (Cryptocoenia, Hydnophoraraea, Latomeandra, Thalamocaeniopsis) in live position. Bed C5 contains predominantly solitary (Aulosmilia, Tiarasmilia) and colonial corals (Cryptocoenia, Latomeandra, Mixastrea, Parnassomeandra, Polyastreopsis, Silingastraea), large gastropods (Nerineidae) and rare rudists (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae). Phaceloid coral colonies (Latomeandra) extend laterally up to 40 cm. Massive corals are comparatively large with up to 10 cm in diameter. Bed C6 is a coarse bioclastic limestone with large colonial corals (Astraeofungia, Cryptocoenia, Hydnophoraraea, Parnassomeandra; up to 15 cm in diameter) and rudists (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae). Bed C7 is a bioclastic limestone with large coral colonies (Astraeofungia, Cryptocoenia, Hydnophoraraea, Latomeandra), solitary corals (Tiarasmilia), and rudists (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae). Bed C8 has mainly gastropods, less colonial corals (Apoplacophyllia, Hydnophoropsis) and rudists (Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae). Corals become less abundant above bed C8. In bed C9 rudists are dominating (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae), colonial corals are rare (Cryptocoenia, Parnassomeandra). Bed C10 has the same composition of rudists, and corals (Cryptocoenia, Polyastreopsis) are rare. Bed C11 is a silty limestone with rudists (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae) and few colonial corals (Astraeofungia, Cryptocoenia). Bed C12 is a coarse bioclastic limestone that contains only rudists (Caprinidae and Caprinulidae, Radiolitidae). Bed C13 to C21 mainly consists of coarse bioclastic limestone with very few macrofossils. Above bed C21, there are another 60 m of mainly fine-grained bioclastic limestone without macrofossils.
The very short section D is exposed about two metres below the first bed of section C and consists of two beds. Bed D1 is an impure limestone with colonial corals (Columastrea, Eocomoseris, Helladastrea) and rudists (Radiolitidae) in life position. Bed D2 is a sandy, impure limestone with colonial corals (Aspidiscus, Polyastreopsis) and rudists (Ichthyosarcolites, Radiolitidae), also in life position. The amount of siliciclastics decreases upwards.
Brunn (1956) reported on a Cenomanian age for the Nea Nikopoli section. Kollmann (1987) limited the age to early Late Cenomanian. The occurrence of the orbitolinid foraminifers Conicorbitolina corbarica (Schroeder & Neumann, 1985) in bed C5 (sample 14) would suggest a Late Albian to Early Cenomanian age, and Conicorbitolina conica (Archiac, 1837) in bed C24 (sample 42) a Late Albian to Middle Cenomanian age.
The coral fauna exhibits only one relatively precise marker with Aspidiscus cristatus. The genus is generally restricted to the Cenomanian (Löser et al., 2002), but there are some indications from the Albian. Bataller (1949) reported Aspidiscus cristatus from Zufia (Spain, Navarra), and López-Horgue et al. (1999) reported Aspidiscus sp. from a section of the same locality dated as middle Late Albian (Varicosum zone). Both records are without description and illustration. According to López-Horgue (written communication, February 2016) the specimen mentioned in López-Horgue et al. (1999) belongs to the genus Helladastraea that was for a long time considered synonymous with Aspidiscus (Löser, 2011b) but has a slightly longer stratigraphical range. Apart from this, only Abdel-Gawad and Gameil (1995) reported Aspidiscus sp. from the Manzour Mt. (Sinai, Egypt) with an early Middle Albian age (Knemiceras spathi zone).
The caprinid and caprinulid rudists Caprina adversa Orbigny, 1822, Caprina baylei (Gemmellaro, 1865), Orthoptychus striatus Futterer, 1892, Schiosia sp., Sphaerucaprina sp., and Caprinula boissyi (Orbigny, 1842) support a Cenomanian age.
The non-rudist bivalves also clearly indicate a Cenomanian age. For Chondrodonta joannae (Choffat, 1886), Stenzel (1971) indicates a Turonian age, Ayoub-Hannaa (2011) and Ayoub-Hannaa & Fürsich (2011) indicate both Late Cenomanian to Turonian while Dhondt & Dieni (1992) restrict this species to the Late Cenomanian. Ilymatogyra africana (Lamarck, 1801) is a widespread species that occurred in the Cenomanian according to Ayoub-Hannaa (2011), Berndt (2004), and Malchus (1990) while Ayoub-Hannaa and Fürsich (2011) quote a range from Upper Cenomanian to Lower Turonian. Neithea (Neithea) zitteli (Pirona, 1884) is indicated in the Cenomanian and Turonian (Dhondt, 1973). Rhynchostreon suborbiculatum (Lamarck, 1801) has its first occurrence in the Cenomanian (Ayoub-Hannaa, 2011) and may range into the Coniacian (Seeling & Bengtson, 1999).
Nerineid gastropods reported by Kollmann (1987) indicate an Early Cenomanian age. The species Multiptyxis olisiponensis (Sharpe, 1850), Plesioplocus grandis Pchelintsev, 1953, and Haploptyxis requieni (Orbigny, 1842) have their first occurrence in the Cenomanian (Haploptyxis requieni is a senior synonym of Italoptygmatis geinitzi Goldfuss, 1841; see Kollmann et al., 1998). The genus Trochactaeon (family Acteonellidae) does not occur in the Albian (H. Kollmann, written communication, March 2016).
The Nerineids and non-rudist bivalves come mainly from section A in the lower part of the composite section, while the orbitolinid foraminifers occur in higher levels, particularly C. conica. An Early Cenomanian age is therefore most probable for the fossil-bearing part of the section (sections A, B, C1-12, and D). For the highest part of section C, a Middle Cenomanian age is possible.
Limestones at the base of section A contain up to 30% lithoclasts derived from the erosion of the Eohellenic basement (Fig.
6 ). In section C, lithoclasts decrease in abundance upsection, and are not recorded above 40 m. Except for an interval of bioclastic grainstone at 36 m of section C, the calcareous deposits are dominated by packstone and floatstone with abundant bioclasts (fragments of rudists and other bivalves, echinoids, ostracods, Bacinella-Lithocodium, orbitolinids and other benthic foraminifers) without any trend in modal composition or abundance of certain types of bioclasts. Orbitolinids occur throughout section C. The depositional environment is interpreted as a shallow subtidal,
low-energy carbonate ramp.
|
Figure
6:
Lithology of sections A and C. |
Corals easily weather out from all of section A, but because the section is partly covered, the corals can only rarely be assigned to a specific bed. In contrast, in section C, corals could be sampled bed by bed, but it was not possible to obtain high amounts as from section A because of the higher sampling effort required.
All material was collected during fieldwork in 1995 and 1996. Most material was obtained from section A (Table 1) because it could easily be collected. The number of specimens that could be collected from higher parts of the section was limited by the difficulty of obtaining corals from the hard limestone. The total collection consisted of approximately 300 specimens, of which 160 could be assigned to a species. Most corals are available as isolated specimens, with almost no preserved surfaces and ornamentation of the septal upper margins. Colonial corals dominate with considerable sizes; the largest colonies reach up to 150 mm in diameter. Corals are mainly strongly recrystallized, and fine skeletal structures (microstructures) are barely preserved. The material is kept at the Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology (Munich, Germany) under the signature 2003 XX.
Table 1: Distribution of the coral species amoung the various beds.
| A | A2 | A4 | A5-12 | B | C | C1 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | D1 | D2 | |
| Acrosmilia eturbensis | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Apoplacophyllia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Aspidiscus cristatus | • | • | • | ||||||||||||
| Astraeofungia cf. barcenai | • | ||||||||||||||
| Aulastraeopora harrisi | • | ||||||||||||||
| Aulastraeopora schnauzeae | • | ||||||||||||||
| Aulosmilia sp. | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Brachycoenia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Canleria clemens | • | ||||||||||||||
| Canleria sp. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Canleria sp. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Complexastrea sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Confusaforma weyeri | • | ||||||||||||||
| Cryptocoenia cf. biedai | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Cryptocoenia corbariensis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Cryptocoenia jacobi | • | ||||||||||||||
| Cryptocoenia cf. miyakoensis | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Cryptocoenia sp. | • | • | • | ||||||||||||
| Diplocteniopsis sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Elasmophyllia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eocolumastrea gortanii | • | • | • | ||||||||||||
| Eocolumastrea rosae | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eocomoseris sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eosiderastrea grandipora | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eosiderastrea paragrandipora | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eosiderastrea stefani | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eosiderastrea sp. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Eosiderastrea sp. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Felixigyra sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Haplaraea gracilis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Heliopora radiata | • | ||||||||||||||
| Helladastrea sp. | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Heterocoenia distans | • | ||||||||||||||
| Hydnophoraea styriaca | • | ||||||||||||||
| Hydnophoropsis sp. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Hydnophoropsis sp. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Kozaniastrea pachysepta | • | ||||||||||||||
| Latomeandra ? plicata | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Microsolena ? interjecta | • | ||||||||||||||
| Mixastraea westfalica | • | ||||||||||||||
| Mixastrea aff. danubica | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Negoporites spissus | • | ||||||||||||||
| Pachygyra sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Parnassomeandra steuberi | • | • | • | ||||||||||||
| Phyllosmilia cf. basochesi | • | ||||||||||||||
| Placocoenia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Plesiolites winnii | • | ||||||||||||||
| Plesiosmilia vaughani | • | ||||||||||||||
| Polyastropsis arnaudi | • | ||||||||||||||
| Polyastropsis subplana | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Preverastraea aff. stellata | • | ||||||||||||||
| Preverastraea infundibuliformis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Rhipidomeandra sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Sakalavastraea clementi | • | ||||||||||||||
| Sakalavastraea sp. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Sakalavastraea sp. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Silingastraea japonica | • | ||||||||||||||
| Silingastraea shimoheiensis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Silingastraea sp. 1 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Silingastraea sp. 2 | • | ||||||||||||||
| Silingastraea sp. 3 | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Stelidioseris japonica | • | ||||||||||||||
| Stephanomorpha ? sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Styloheterocoenia brunni | • | ||||||||||||||
| Styloheterocoenia hellenensis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Styloheterocoenia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Synastrea sp. | • | • | • | ||||||||||||
| Thalamocaeniopsis explanata | • | ||||||||||||||
| Thalamocaeniopsis sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Thecosmilia densa | • | ||||||||||||||
| Tiarasmilia cf. casteri | • | • | |||||||||||||
| Tiarasmilia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| Trochophyllia ogilvieae | • | ||||||||||||||
| Trochophyllia rara | • | ||||||||||||||
| Trochophyllia tourtiensis | • | ||||||||||||||
| Trochophyllia sp. | • | ||||||||||||||
| A | A2 | A4 | A5-12 | B | C | C1 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | D1 | D2 |
Coral specimens were cut and polished. Thin sections in both transversal and longitudinal orientation were prepared where possible. Thin sections were scanned by passing light through them using a flatbed scanner with an optical resolution of 6,400 dpi. Scanned images were then transferred to grey scale bit maps. Their quality was amended by histogram contrast manipulation (contrast stretching) where possible.
To gain more insight into the intraspecific variation of fossil corals and to obtain a better strategy for comparing species, calicular dimensions of one or two thin sections of each species were systematically measured. To achieve statistical significance, the largest number of possible measurements was taken. This number was mainly determined by the size and quality of the thin section and the size of the single corallites in relation to the size of the thin sections.
For each type of measurement (calicular diameter and distance, width and distance of calicular row), in one thin section, the following values were obtained:
| n | number of measurements |
| min–max | lowest and highest measured values |
| µ | arithmetic mean (average) |
| s | standard deviation |
| v | coefficient of variation according to K. Pearson |
| µ±s | first interval |
Thin sections were measured and values were calculated using the Palaeontological Database System PaleoTax, module PaleoTax/Measure (http://www.paleotax.de/measure); for details on the mathematical background, see Löser (2012). Characters visible on the fossils were compared against those on specimens in worldwide fossil coral collections, and an associated image database (ca. 25,400 specimens, ca. 12,500 illustrated, located in the Estación Regional de Noroeste (ERNO), Sonora, Mexico). Data storage and processing were carried out using the PaleoTax database program (Löser, 2004).
To compare the studied fauna with other coral faunas outside the study area, a computer database of about 2,700 worldwide coral localities with coral indications was used (Löser et al., 2002, 2005). To simplify the analysis, localities of the same age, located in the same basin, on the same continental margin or the same interoceanic platform, were grouped together into one palaeo-province (a type of large faunule, sensu Johnson, 2007). Altogether, this produced 310 provinces. Only firmly dated localities were assigned to a province to ensure that the following analysis is valid, and the studied locality was not included in any existing province. For the study area, an independent province was created to allow a clear comparison between the existing provinces and the new material. Interregional comparisons were carried out between the new province and existing provinces having at least three species in common with the fauna of the studied area. For details, see also Löser (2008) and Löser & Minor (2007).
The constantly growing number of genera and the improving examination methods in Mesozoic corals question traditional classification systems (Vaughan & Wells,
1943; Alloiteau, 1952). The current classification system of the order Scleractinia is the application of suborders and families. The use of suborders is not practical for various reasons. Not all suborders are
well-defined and/or limited to a relatively small group of genera. Well defined are, as in, for instance, the suborders Amphiastraeina, Heterocoeniina, or Rhipidogyrina. Others, such as the Archeocaeniina, Faviina, or the Meandrinina, are defined using a conceptual idea or are undefined. When suborders are applied strictly, many families would remain without a suborder. These families would require the creation of new suborders. To avoid too much confusion, a preliminary classification system introduced in Löser
(2016c) does not apply suborders, but superfamilies that group families together. Practically, suborders are for the moment replaced by superfamilies. So 27 superfamilies with 56 families (or informal groups) are distinguished that have a range in the Cretaceous. In contrary to the former classification system based on suborders, the superfamilies may constitute monophyletic groups. The basic characteristics for the distinction of the superfamilies is the relative size of the trabeculae, in the ratio to the septa. Further distinction is made based on the presence or absence of synapticulae and the septal perforation. The former classification system using suborders and the new system can be compared (Fig.
7 ). Note that the suborders just reflect, where the families were formerly assigned. It would not be a good decision to apply these suborders to collect the newly introduced superfamilies because the superfamilies distinguish in the same way as suborders did before. The table is just to give the reader some orientation. More explanation is given under the superfamilies.
|
Figure
7:
Relation of former suborders and superfamilies, slightly modified after Löser
(2016c). |
The distribution data (as reflected in the synonymy lists) are almost entirely based on well-examined material. Material only mentioned in the literature and material not available or insufficiently described and illustrated in the literature were not taken into account. To obtain better insight into the distribution patterns of the coral fauna of Greece, additional unpublished material – indicated by a collection acronym and sample number in parenthesis – has been included. Therefore, distribution data indicated under 'Other occurrences' are also provided for species remaining in open nomenclature.
The abbreviations used in the synonymy lists follow Matthews (1973): *: earliest valid publication of the species name; ?: the assignation of this description to the species is doubtful (so marked quotations are not reflected in the stratigraphic and palaeobiogeographic distribution); p: the described material belongs only in part to the species concerned; v: the specimen was observed by the author. A year in italics indicates that the quotation is provided with neither a description nor an illustration.
Institutional abbreviations: BSPG, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany; CGS, Ceská geologická sluzba, Praha, Czech Republic; ERNO, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Estación Regional de Noroeste, Hermosillo, Mexico; FGUB, Facultad de Geología de la Universidad de Barcelona, Spain FSL, Université Claude Bernard, Institut de Géologie, Lyon, France; GLAHM, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, UK; GPSL, Geologische und Paläontologische Sammlung der Universität Leipzig, Germany; GSUB, Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut Bremen, Germany; IGM, Instituto de Geología, Mexico City, Mexico; LFU, Landesamt für Umwelt, München, Germany; MB, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany; MGSB, Museo Geológico del Seminario de Barcelona, Spain; MHE, Coll. M. Heinrich, Eckental, Germany; MHNN, Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de Neuchâtel, Switzerland; MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MV, Vinseum, Vilafranca del Penedčs, Spain; NHM, The Natural History Museum, London, UK; NHMW, Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria; NMNH, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA; PIUEN, Paläontologisches Institut, Erlangen, Germany; RLM, Ruhrlandmuseum, Essen, Germany; SAZU, Paleontoloski institut Ivana Rakovca, Ljubljana, Slovenia; SMF, Senckenbergmuseum, Frankfurt/M., Germany; SNSD-MMG, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Germany; TUM, The Tohoku University Museum, Sendai, Japan; UJ, Jagiellonian University, Instytut Nauk Geologicznych, Kraków, Poland; UNAM-FI, UNAM, Facultad de Ingeniería, Mexico City, Mexico; UP, Université de Provence, Coll. Masse, Marseille, France; UPS, Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Géologie Sédimentaire et Paléontologie, Toulouse, France; WCM, Worcester City Museum and Art Gallery, UK; ZSH, Zumsteinhaus, Kempten, Germany.
Abbreviations of measurements: c, calicular diameter (outer diameter); ccd, distance between calicular centres; cl, calicular diameter (lumen, calicular pit); clmax, large lumen; clmin, small lumen; cmax, larger outer calicular diameter; cmin, smaller outer calicular diameter; cn, calicular diameter (inner corallite in amphiastreidae); crd, distance of calicular series; crw, width of calicular series; h, height of a solitary coral; md, distance between monticule in a hydnophoroid colony; ml, length of monticules in hydnophoroid colony; mw, monticule width; s, number of septa in the adult corallite; sap, number of lonsdaloid septa (without septa); sd, density of septa; sk, number of septa which reach the columella; sl, length of septa; tb, density of tubes.
Order Scleractinia Bourne, 1900
Superfamily Actinastraeoidea Alloiteau, 1952
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Archeocaeniina Alloiteau, 1952. The suborder has no reference to any family or genus, and is therefore undefined. It should encompass corals with septa made of few 'simple' trabeculae without a divergence system. The suborder Archeocaeniina is not identical with the suborder Astrocoeniina Vaughan & Wells, 1943, that is based on the genus Astrocoenia, a genus that is characterised by very small trabeculae.
Family Actinastraeidae Alloiteau, 1952
Stelidioseris Tomes, 1893
Type species: Stelidioseris gibbosa Tomes, 1893, by original designation.
Stelidioseris japonica (Eguchi, 1951)
(Pl. 1 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5826, 5838; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1951 | Astrocoenia japonica Eguchi, p. 17, Pl. 8, figs. 7-8; Pl. 10, figs. 4-5 |
| v | 2013b | Stelidioseris japonica (Eguchi, 1951) - Löser, p. 84, Fig. 2.d-f [= here detailed synonymy] |
Dimensions:
| (5838) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 40 | 1.19-1.77 | 1.46 | 0.15 | 10.7 | 1.31-1.62 |
| clmax | 40 | 1.58-2.68 | 2.07 | 0.27 | 13.2 | 1.79-2.34 |
| ccd | 40 | 1.43-2.29 | 1.89 | 0.25 | 12.9 | 1.64-2.13 |
| s | 24 | |||||
| sk | 6 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline polygonal. Septa compact, consist of few (8-10) large trabeculae, in cross section externally slightly thicker, then equally in thickness. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa of the second cycle occasionally attached to those of the first cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with thorns. Pali absent. All septa of the first cycle are attached to the columella. Costae hardly present. Synapticulae absent. Columella styliform. Endotheca consists of a few dissepiments. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum made by costae. Budding intracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5838).
Other occurrences: Tithonian of France (Doubs) Gilley (MNHN BeauG212). Cretaceous of Serbia (East Serbia) Planinica. Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Yonne) Fontenoy, field S the junction to Les Merles (BSPG 2003 XX 5064); Gy-l'Evęque, fields SW Gy-l'Evęque (BSPG 2003 XX 6535); Leugny, Les Cassines 4 km E Leugny (BSPG 2003 XX 5175). Upper Barremian of France (Ardčche) St.Remčze, Belvedere du Gaud. Aptian of Japan (Kochi-ken) Kami-gun, Birafu-mura, at the former Iwakai Primary School (TUM 65366). Lower Aptian of Spain (Murcia) Sierra de la Muela; Greece (Viotía) Levadia, Perachorion; Mexico (Puebla) Tehuacán, La Compańía (ERNO L-R10908). Upper Aptian of Algeria (Constantine) Sidi R'Gheiss (UP M 6313); Greece (Viotía) Aliartos, Chiarmena. Uppermost Aptian of Japan (Iwate-ken) Shimohei-gun, Tanohata-mura, Haipe, northern cliff; Shimohei-gun, Taro-cho, Todana. Lowermost Albian (Tardefurcata zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Tarragona) Com. Baix Penedčs, Mun. Masllorenç, Masarbones, field N (ERNO L-6010). Lower Albian of Mexico (Baja California) Eréndira, Punto San Isidro (ERNO L-120402); Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Agua Prieta, E San Bernardino Valley, Cordon Caloso; Municipio Arizpe, Arizpe, Cerro La Ceja; Municipio Arizpe, El Salmón; Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina; Municipio Santa Ana, Santa Ana; Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro. Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Meißen-Zscheila, Trinitatis church.
Superfamily Caryophyllioidea Dana, 1846
Remarks: The superfamily corresponds to the suborder Caryophylliina Vaughan & Wells, 1943.
Family Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846
Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 1
(Pl. 1 , fig. 4)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 7468, 7474-7477; 5 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (7468) | |
| c | 10mm |
| s | 48 |
| (7576) | |
| c | 8x9.4mm |
| s | 48 |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline circular, pit depressed. Septa compact. Microstructure of small-sized trabeculae, septa with a median dark line. Septa in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa occasionally connected to each other close to the calicular centre. Septal lateral face with fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae present but short. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca absent. Wall compact, septothecal.
Remarks: The material cannot be compared to any existing genus because all Cretaceous Caryophyllioidea are very poorly documented and most genera are not known by the means of thin sections.
Occurrence: Bed A2 (BSPG 2003 XX 7468, 7474-7477).
Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 2
(Pl. 1 , fig. 5)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 7448; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (7448) | |
| c | 5.7x8.5mm |
| s | 48 |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact. Microstructure of small-sized trabeculae, septa with a median dark line. Septa in cross section medium thick close to the wall, thicker towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa occasionally connected to each other close to the calicular centre. Septal lateral face with thorns. Pali absent. Costae and synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca absent. Wall compact, septothecal.
Remarks: The material cannot be compared to any existing genus because all Cretaceous Caryophylliina are very poorly documented and most genera are not known through thin sections. Comparing to the literature, the present material is comparable to Amblocyathus, an Upper Albian to Cenomanian genus, but the type of its type species (Cyathina bowerbanki Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) is not available.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7448).
Superfamily Cladocoroidea Milne Edwards, 1857
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Faviina Vaughan & Wells, 1943. Because of nomenclatorical problems, the name-giving genus Favia is undefined (see Löser & Sklenar, 2016, for further explanation), and so the suborder. The suborder Astraeoida Alloiteau, 1952, is considered by various authors a junior synonym of the Faviina. This suborder is based on Astrea Lamarck, 1801, a genus that was never the object of any detailed investigation.
Family Columastraeidae Alloiteau, 1952
Eocolumastrea Löser & Zell, 2015
Type species: Columnocoenia bucovinensis Morycowa, 1971, by original designation.
Eocolumastrea gortanii (Prever, 1909)
(Pl. 1 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5850, 5872, 5874, 5876, 5878; 6 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v ? | 1873 | Holocoenia ramosa, Stoliczka - Stoliczka, p. 24, Pl. 4, figs. 4-5 |
| *v | 1909 | Ulastraea Gortanii Prever, p. 91, Pl. 5, figs. 6-7 |
| v | 1909 | Ulastraea Octaviae - Prever, p. 91, Pl. 5, fig. 5 |
| v | 1909 | Leptastraea Cremai n.f. - Prever, p. 93, Pl. 6, figs. 6-7 |
| v | 1909 | Leptastraea Cremai var. aquilana n.f. - Prever, p. 94, Pl. 6, figs. 4-5 |
| v | 1909 | Leptastraea parva n.f. - Prever, p. 95, Pl. 6, fig. 9 |
| v | 1932 | Stephanocoenia (?) guadalupae Wells, n.sp. - Wells, p. 235, Pl. 32, figs. 8-9; Pl. 39, fig. 3 |
| v | 1937 | Placocoenia ex. aff. niongalensis Dietr. 1926 - Hackemesser, p. 52, Pl. 1, figs. 3-4 |
| v | 1944 | Stephanocoenia guadalupae Wells, 1932 - Wells, p. 433, Pl. 69, figs. 3-4 |
| v | 1971 | Columnocoenia ksiazkiewiczi bucovinensis n. subsp. - Morycowa, p. 96, Figs. 30.c-d, Pl. 24, figs. 2-3; Pl. 25, fig. 1 |
| v | 1981 | Columnocoenia ksiazkiewiczi bucovinensis Morycowa, 1971 - Turnšek & Mihajlovic, p. 20, Pl. 16, figs. 1- 2 |
| v | 1991 | Stylina wintoni (Wells, 1933) - Prinz, p. 195, Fig. 29, Pl. 8, fig. 5 |
| v | 2008 | Columnocoenia aragonensis (Alloiteau, 1946-1947) - Löser & Saldańa-Szabo, Pl. 17, figs. 3-4 |
| v | 2015 | Eocolumastrea bucovinensis (Morycowa, 1971) - Löser & Zell, p. 160, Fig. 5.1-3 |
Dimensions:
| (5878) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 1.74-2.21 | 2.00 | 0.15 | 7.6 | 1.84-2.15 |
| clmax | 25 | 1.94-2.81 | 2.37 | 0.19 | 8.3 | 2.17-2.56 |
| ccd | 25 | 2.01-3.31 | 2.66 | 0.37 | 14.1 | 2.28-3.04 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to slightly elliptical. Septa compact, septa and costae in cross section in the wall thick, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa of the first two cycles in places connected to each other in the calicular centre, and those of the third cycle to those of older cycles. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali irregularly on the first cycle. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella small, styliform to lamellar. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum narrow (approx. 20% c), consists of costae and exothecal dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5872); A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5878); B (BSPG 2003 XX 5874); D1 (BSPG 2003 XX 5876).
Other occurrences: Cretaceous of Serbia (East Serbia) Planinica. Barremian of Chile (Antofagasta) El Way. Upper Barremian to Lower Aptian (Sartousi - Weissi zones) of Germany (Bayern) Allgäuer Helvetikum, Falkenberg (ZSH H-KU 793). Upper Barremian to Lower Aptian (Lenticularis zone) of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4321). Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya (IGM 9236). Lower Aptian of Spain (Murcia) Jumilla, Solano del Sopalmo (MGSB 73674); Egypt (Shebh Gezirat Sena) Maghara Mt, SE Mansour (GSUB SM01); Greece (Viotía) Arachova (BSPG 2003 XX 5483); Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Cerasetti; Venezuela (Anzoátegui) Guanta coast, La Borracha Island. Lower Aptian (Lenticularis zone) of Romania (Suceava) Pojorîta area, Cîmpulung-Moldovenesc, Valea Izvorul Alb. Aptian to Cenomanian of Greece (Fokída) Mariolada, Kria Vrissi, Kokkino Vrissi springs. Upper Aptian of Spain (Valencia, Castellón) Benicasin, La Venta (MGSB 73710); Poland (Malopolskie, Zakopane) Tatry Mts, Wysoka Turnia (BSPG 2003 XX 5423). Upper Aptian (Jacobi zone) of USA (Texas) Comal County, Guadalupe River, Demijohn Bend. Lower Albian of Mexico (Baja California) Santo Tomás, Arroyo de la Cueva (ERNO L-134604); Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Opodepe, Rancho El Pimiento (ERNO L-4420); Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4927). Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern (SMF 75655). Middle Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio San Pedro de la Cueva, Tepache, Lampazos area (ERNO 2189); Municipio San Pedro de la Cueva, Tepache, Lampazos area, Espinazo de Diablo (ERNO L-120524). Upper Albian of India (Tamil Nadu [= Madras]) Maruvattur [= Moraviatoor]. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Meißen-Zscheila, Trinitatis church.
Eocolumastrea rosae (Prever, 1909)
(Pl. 1 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5813, 5825, 5895; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v ? | 1873 | Holocoenia ramosa, Stoliczka - Stoliczka, p. 24, Pl. 4, figs. 4-5 |
| *v | 1909 | Ulastraea Rosae Prever, p. 90, Pl. 5, figs. 9-11 |
| v | 1909 | Favia Felixi - Prever, p. 84, Pl. 4, figs. 1-2 |
| v | 1909 | Phyllocoenia plana - Prever, p. 131, Pl. 14, fig. 15 |
| v | 1930 | Phyllocoenia polluciformis n. sp. - Gregory, p. 201, Pl. 18, fig. 7 |
| v | 1933 | Orbicella edwardsensis n.sp. - Wells, p. 85, Pl. 2, figs. 9-10 |
| v | 1996 | Columnocoenia ksiazkiewiczi bucovinensis Morycowa, 1971 - Baron-Szabo & Steuber, p. 12, Pl. 5, figs. 1, 5 |
Dimensions:
| (5895) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 30 | 1.43-1.81 | 1.61 | 0.10 | 6.5 | 1.51-1.72 |
| clmax | 30 | 1.55-1.93 | 1.72 | 0.09 | 5.4 | 1.62-1.81 |
| ccd | 30 | 1.70-2.66 | 2.12 | 0.24 | 11.6 | 1.87-2.37 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, septa and costae in cross section in the wall thick, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa of the first two cycles in places connected to each other in the calicular centre, and those of the third cycle rarely to those of older cycles. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali irregularly on the first cycle. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella small, styliform to lamellar. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum narrow (approx. 20% c), consists of costae and exothecal dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5895).
Other occurrences: Barremian of Mexico (Puebla) Tehuacán, San Antonio Texcala (ERNO L-4419). Barremian to Lower Aptian of Kenya (Coast) Frere Town, Malindi road. Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova; Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Cerasetti; Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Mezza Spada. Lower Upper Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Buerco section (BSPG 2003 XX 5336). Uppermost Aptian of Japan (Iwate-ken) Miyako-shi, Sakiyama, Hideshima (TUM 39740). Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4841). Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cala de Islares, playa (ERNO L-133104); France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern (SMF 75584). Middle Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio San Pedro de la Cueva, Tepache, Lampazos area, Espinazo de Diablo (ERNO L-120521). Middle Albian (Lautus zone) of USA (Texas) Kerr County, Kerrville, Hiram Hall Ranch. Upper Albian of UK (Devonshire) Exeter, Haldon Hill (WCM); India (Tamil Nadu [= Madras]) Maruvattur [= Moraviatoor]; Tunisia, Oum-Ali Mt (FSL).
Diplocoeniids, informal group
Remarks: The informal group encompasses five cerioid genera of the Lower Cretaceous and Cenomanian.
Sakalavastraea Alloiteau, 1958
Type species: Sakalavastraea collignoni Alloiteau, 1958, by original designation.
Sakalavastraea clementi L. Beauvais, 1972
(Pl. 2 , figs. 1-2)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5858; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1972 | Sakalavastraea clementi nov. sp. - L. Beauvais, p. 96, Pl. 11, fig. 1 |
| v | 1989 | Stephanastraea sp. - Löser, p. 99, Figs. 4-5 |
| v | 2014b | "Glenarea" sp. 1 - Löser, p. 23, Fig. 2.g |
| v | 2014b | "Glenarea" sp. 2 - Löser, p. 23, Fig. 2.h |
Dimensions:
| (5858) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 1.51-2.10 | 1.80 | 0.18 | 9.9 | 1.62-1.98 |
| clmax | 20 | 2.10-3.03 | 2.51 | 0.29 | 11.6 | 2.21-2.80 |
| ccd | 20 | 1.77-2.31 | 2.05 | 0.15 | 7.5 | 1.89-2.20 |
| s | 10 | 14-23 | 19.10 | 2.84 | 14.9 | 16-22 |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline polygonal, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the second cycle rarely attached to those of the first cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium-size thorns, inner margin swollen in places. Pali, costae, and synapticulae absent. Columella formed by septal fusion in the calicular centre. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal and extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5858).
Other occurrences: Lower Cretaceous of Greece (Viotía) Aliartos, Korónia, road cut. Upper Cenomanian (Plenus zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Dresden-Plauen, Ratssteinbruch, southern quarry.
Sakalavastraea sp. 1
(Pl. 2 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5811; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5811) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 1.48-2.30 | 1.83 | 0.19 | 10.4 | 1.64-2.02 |
| clmax | 20 | 1.89-2.63 | 2.27 | 0.21 | 9.4 | 2.05-2.48 |
| ccd | 20 | 1.63-2.53 | 2.14 | 0.24 | 11.3 | 1.89-2.38 |
| s | 10 | 12-18 | 14.10 | 1.96 | 13.9 | 12-16 |
Description:
Cerioid colony. Calicular outline polygonal, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the second cycle occasionally attached to those of the first cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium-size thorns. Pali, costae, and synapticulae absent. Columella formed by septal fusion in the calicular centre. Endotheca consists of numerous thin tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal and extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5811).
Other occurrences: Upper Cenomanian (Guerangeri zone) of Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region) Korycany, Netreba, Kopec (CGS HF 1704).
Sakalavastraea sp. 2
(Pl. 2 , figs. 3-4)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5869; 1 thin section.
Dimensions:
| (5869) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 1.06-1.61 | 1.33 | 0.16 | 12.3 | 1.16-1.49 |
| clmax | 16 | 1.22-2.33 | 1.82 | 0.30 | 16.7 | 1.51-2.12 |
| ccd | 25 | 1.39-2.36 | 1.80 | 0.32 | 17.7 | 1.48-2.12 |
| s | 10 | 15-23 | 19.30 | 2.66 | 13.8 | 17-22 |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline polygonal, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the second cycle rarely attached to those of the first cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium-size thorns. Pali, costae, and synapticulae absent. Columella formed by septal fusion in the calicular centre. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal and extracalicinal.
Remarks: Specimen 5869 is poorly preserved. The wall is thickened and septa of the third cycle are only partly recognisable.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5869).
Superfamily Cyclolitoidea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849
Remarks: This superfamily corresponds to the suborder Microsolenina Morycowa & Roniewicz, 1995. The name-giving genus Microsolena itself is poorly defined; the type material of the type species is not available.
Family Leptophylliidae Vaughan, 1905
Aspidiscus Koenig, 1825
Type species: Aspidiscus shawi Koenig, 1825, by monotypy.
Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck, 1801)
(Pl. 2 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5963, 7444, 7451, 7453, 7456, 7457, 7458, 7463, 7470; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| * | 1801 | Cyclolites cristata Lamarck, p. 369 |
| 1851 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Bronn, p. 155, Pl. 29.5, fig. 6 | |
| 1857 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Pictet, (6), p. 407, Pl. 105, fig. 7 | |
| 1862 | Aspidiscus cristatus Milne Edwards & Haime - Coquand, p. 259, Pl. 28, figs. 17-21 | |
| 1877 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Fromentel, p. 466, Pl. 114, figs. 1-5 | |
| 1885 | Cyclolites cristatus - Quenstedt, p. 1016, Fig. 384 | |
| 1897 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Söhle, p. 43, Pl. 5, figs. 5, 5.a | |
| 1918 | Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck) - Fossa-Mancini, p. 135, Pl. 14, figs. 1-2, 4-9 | |
| v | 1930 | Aspidiscus cristatus Lamarck sp. 1801 - Renz, p. 8, Pl. 2, fig. 1 |
| 1932 | Aspidiscus cristatus Lamarck sp. - Llueca, p. 347, Pl. 1, figs. 5-6 | |
| 1937 | Aspidiscus cristatus Lamarck sp. 1801 - Bataller, p. 172, text-fig. | |
| 1952 | Cyclolites cristata Lamarck 1801 - Alloiteau, p. 663, Pl. 9, fig. 12 | |
| v | 1957 | Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck) - Thomas & Omara, p. 152, Pls. 4-5 |
| 1987 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Gill & Lafuste, p. 926, Figs. 1-2, 3 a, 5-8, Pls. 1-2 | |
| 1991 | Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck) - Gill & Chikhi, p. 349, Figs. 1-2 | |
| 1995 | Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck 1801)- Abdel-Gawad & Gameil, p. 23, Pl. 9, fig. 6 | |
| 2014 | Aspidiscus cristatus - Wilson, Vinn & Palmer, p. 244, Figs. 2-3 |
Dimensions:
| (7458) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| mw | 8 | 3.70-4.83 | 4.45 | 0.35 | 7.9 | 4.10-4.81 |
| sd | 10/5mm |
Description: Hydnophoroid colony with circular outline. Monticules polygonal, long or short and straight. Corallites indistinct. Septa irregularly perforated, more common at their inner margin. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. No septal cycles. Septa rarely connected to each other. Septal distal margin granulated, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali und costae absent. Synapticulae present. Columella difficult to separate from the perforated septal inner margins, probably consists of isolated trabecules or short lamellae. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments. Coenosteum absent. Budding unknown.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7470); B (BSPG 2003 XX 7453); D2 (BSPG 2003 XX 7451).
Other occurrences: Cretaceous of Greece (Fokída) Kiona massif, Panourgias. Cenomanian of Bahrain, Drilling; Germany (Bayern) Ruhpolding, Urschlau; Algeria (Batna) Aurčs Mts; Algeria (Constantine) Commune Aďn Smara, Chettabah Mt; Algeria (Khenchela) Commune Ouled Amar, Ouled Amar; Commune Tamza, Taafist Mt; Algeria (Tebessa) Commune Tebessa, Tebessa Mts, Col de Tenoukla; Spain (Cataluńa, Barcelona) Com. Berguedŕ, Mun. La Pobla de Lillet, Serra de Falgars; Egypt (Shebh Gezirat Sena) El-Minshera Mt; Nezzazat Mt; Themed area; Tunisia, Gafsa, Ben Younes Mt. Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Bayern) Ettal, Lichtenstättgraben. Lower Cenomanian of Israel (Southern district) Hebron, W Dead Sea coast, Ein Gedi; Nahal Neqarot. Cenomanian to Turonian of France (Saône-et-Loire) Cuiseaux; Italy (Abruzzi, Chieti) La Maiella; Tunisia, Ruins of Suffetula. Middle Cenomanian of Algeria (M'sila) Commune Benzouh, Ouled Nails, Bou Saada, Benzouh. Middle to Upper Cenomanian of Algeria (Batna) Moussa el Ayati. Middle Cenomanian (Rhotomagense zone) of Algeria (Batna) Commune Azzab, Azeb Mt; Commune Batna, Koudiat Bou Zorane.
Astraeofungia Alloiteau, 1952
Type species: Astrea decipiens Michelin, 1841, by original designation.
Astraeofungia cf. barcenai (Felix, 1891)
(Pl. 2 , figs. 5-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5888; 1 thin section.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013 | Astraeofungia sp. - Löser, Castro & Nieto, p. 23, Pl. 7, figs. 7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (5888) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cdd | 8 | 6.11-11.95 | 8.79 | 2.03 | 23.1 | 6.75-10.82 |
| d | 42-58 | |||||
| sd | 10/5mm |
Description: Thamnasterioid colony. Calicular centres slightly depressed. Septa perforated at their inner margin. Septa in cross section externally thicker, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular. No septal generations. Septa occasionally connected to each other close to the calicular centre. Septal distal margin coarsely granulated, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of isolated trabeculae or one more solid element. Endotheca unknown. No wall. Coenosteum poorly defined because of the type of the calicular arrangement. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The present specimen differs from A. barcenai by larger dimensions.
Occurrence: Bed C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5888).
Other occurrences: Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya (IGM L-R10270). Lower Aptian (Tuarkyricus - Weissi zones) of UK (Isle of Wight) Atherfield (NHM R00273). Lower Upper Albian (Inflatum zone) of Spain (Valencia, Alicante) Sierra de Llorençá. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Meißen-Zscheila, Trinitatis church (SNSD-MMG SaKL561). Uppermost Cenomanian (Juddi zone) of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Col de Escudiés (UPS HL 005).
Helladastraea Avnimelech, 1948
Type species: Aspidiscus felixi Renz, 1930, by original definition.
Helladastraea sp.
(Pl. 3 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 7452, 7454; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (7454) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ml | 10 | 1.30-3.56 | 2.17 | 0.66 | 30.6 | 1.51-2.84 |
| md | 10 | 4.47-5.68 | 5.22 | 0.37 | 7.0 | 4.85-5.59 |
| s | 50-60 | |||||
| sd | 8/2mm |
Description: Hydnophoroid colony with circular outline. Monticules conical with small centres. Septa irregularly perforated, more common at their inner margin. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. No regular septal generations. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae and thorns, inner margin smooth. Pali, and costae absent. Synapticulae rare. Columella difficult to separate from the perforated septal inner margins, probably consists of isolated trabecules. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7454); D1 (BSPG 2003 XX 7452).
Latomeandra Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849
Type species: Lithodendron plicata Goldfuss, 1826, by subsequent definition in Milne Edwards & Haime (1851a).
Latomeandra ? plicata (Goldfuss, 1826)
(Pl. 3 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5884, 5889, 5946; 11 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2007 | Montlivaltia caryophyllata Lamouroux, 1821 - Pandey, Fürsich & Baron-Szabo, p. 22, Pl. 5, figs. 2-3, 5, 7, 9 |
| v | 2009 | Latomeandra minor Reig Oriol, 1975 - Morycowa & Masse, p. 130, Fig. 21.f-g |
Dimensions:
| (5946) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 10 | 3.30-4.12 | 3.57 | 0.30 | 8.4 | 3.27-3.87 |
| clmax | 10 | 3.64-4.99 | 4.10 | 0.43 | 10.6 | 3.67-4.54 |
| cmin | 10 | 3.95-4.84 | 4.44 | 0.29 | 6.6 | 4.14-4.73 |
| cmax | 10 | 4.55-6.11 | 5.05 | 0.51 | 10.1 | 4.54-5.57 |
| ccd | 15 | 4.20-7.09 | 5.60 | 0.93 | 16.7 | 4.66-6.53 |
| s | 50-60 | |||||
| sd | 6/2mm |
Description: Phaceloid colony. Calicular outline circular to elliptical. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregularly radial. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal cycles (generations) differ in length and thickness. Septa of younger generations in places attached to those of preceding generations. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali and costae absent. Synapticulae rare. Columella difficult to separate from the perforated septal inner margins, probably consists of isolated trabecules. Endotheca absent. Wall compact, very thin, probably epithecal. Budding intracalicinal.
Remarks: The genus name is here applied in the conceptual sense of the genus: a phaceloid pennular coral with a rather large diameter (in contrast to Latohelia, which has a very small diameter and more compact septa). The material cannot be clearly compared to L. plicata because of the poor state of preservation of the type of the latter species.
Occurrence: Beds A (BSPG 2003 XX 5946); C4 (BSPG 2003 XX 5884); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5889).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian (Tuarkyricus - Weissi zones) of France (Vaucluse) Vaucluse Mts, Lagnes. Upper Aptian to Lower Albian of Iran, Koppeh Dagh, Mashad. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 049).
Mixastraea Roniewicz, 1976
Type species: Mixastraea danubica Roniewicz, 1976, by original designation.
Mixastraea aff. danubica Roniewicz, 1976
(Pl. 3 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5890, 5894, 6146; 4 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5894) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 3.233-8.106 | 6.027 | 1.400 | 23.2 | 4.62-7.42 |
| clmax | 23 | 4.780-10.301 | 7.456 | 1.508 | 20.2 | 5.94-8.96 |
| ccd | 25 | 4.423-9.791 | 7.110 | 1.584 | 22.2 | 5.52-8.69 |
| s | 70-130 | |||||
| sd | 16/5mm | |||||
| (6146) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 12 | 5.217-9.251 | 7.166 | 1.396 | 19.4 | 5.77-8.56 |
| clmax | 12 | 5.817-12.074 | 9.270 | 1.981 | 21.3 | 7.28-11.25 |
| ccd | 22 | 5.188-10.669 | 7.840 | 1.428 | 18.2 | 6.41-9.26 |
| s | 90 | |||||
| sd | 16/5mm |
Description: Cerioid-astreoid colony. Calicular outline polygonal to circular. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of younger generations in places connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent to confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of a group of isolated trabeculae. Endotheca consists of thin tabulae. Wall compact to subcompact, synapticulothecal, partly septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The present material has larger dimensions and higher septal counts than M. danubica.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5894); B (BSPG 2003 XX 5890).
Mixastraea westfalica Löser, 1993
(Pl. 3 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5880; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1993 | Mixastraea westfalica Löser, p. 104, Figs. 1-2, Pl. 1, figs. 2-3 |
| v | 1994 | Mixastraea westfalica Löser, 1993 - Löser, p. 40, Figs. 28-32, Pl. 7, fig. 3; Pl. 12, fig. 12 |
Dimensions:
| (5880) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 16 | 5.09-11.23 | 8.02 | 1.95 | 24.4 | 6.06-9.98 |
| s | 6 | 48-59 | 55 | 3.8 | 6.8 | |
| sd | 13/5mm |
Description: Cerioid-astreoid colony. Calicular outline polygonal to circular. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of younger generations often connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent to confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of a group of isolated trabeculae. Endotheca consists of thin tabulae. Wall subcompact, synapticulothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed C (BSPG 2003 XX 5880).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg.
Placoseris Fromentel, 1863
Type species: Placoseris patella Fromentel, 1863, by subsequent definition in Vaughan (1905).
Remarks: Placoseris is here applied for material that would traditionally be assigned to Acrosmilia. Placoseris has thinner septa and the septa are more frequently attached to each other whereas Acrosmilia has the typical thick septa of the Synastraeidae family, with septa, that are rarely connected to each other. When Acrosmilia will be assigned to the Synastraeidae family, consequently the family taxon Leptophylliidae could not longer applied as it is now. Placoseris has a range from the Callovian to Cenomanian.
Placoseris eturbensis (Fromentel, 1857)
(Pl. 4 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5892, 7438; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1857 | Trochoseris Eturbensis Fromentel, p. 19, Pl. 1, fig. 8 |
| v | 1863b | Leptophyllia Eturbensis - Fromentel, p. 301, Pl. 50, fig. 2 |
| v | 1897 | Leptophyllia patellata - Söhle, p. 44, Pl. 6, fig. 5 |
| v | 1941 | Thecoseris cenomanensis n.sp. - Alloiteau, p. 22, Pl. 1, figs. 18-19 |
| v | 1989 | Acrosmilia patellata (Michelin, 1845) - Löser, p. 131, Fig. 34, Pl. 26, fig. 1 |
Dimensions:
| (5892) | |
| c | 21x36 |
| cl | 20x34 |
| s | 210 |
| (7438) | |
| c | 25.6x28.2 |
| s | 170 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical, calicular pit depressed. Septa irregularly perforated. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Lateral face with pennulae. Costae present but short. Synapticulae present. Columella composed of a group of isolated trabeculae. Endotheca consists of numerous small dissepiments. Wall compact, structure unknown.
Occurrence: Bed A4 (BSPG 2003 XX 5892); A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7438).
Other occurrences: Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Haute-Marne) Saint Dizier. Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya (IGM 9244). Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Bayern) Ettal, Lichtenstättgraben; Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg (RLM RE 551.763.310 A 7051/1-2). Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen (LFU 8336SG015085). Middle to Upper Cenomanian (Rhotomagense - Naviculare zone) of France (Sarthe) Le Mans. Upper Cenomanian (Plenus zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Dresden-Plauen, Ratssteinbruch, southern quarry.
Polyastropsis Alloiteau, 1957
Type species: Polyastropsis arnaudi Alloiteau, 1957, by original designation.
Polyastropsis arnaudi Alloiteau, 1957
(Pl. 4 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5823, 5845, 6990; 5 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 1889 | Prionastraea spec. - Toula, p. 85, Pl. 6, fig. 6 |
| *v | 1957 | Polyastropsis Arnaudi Alloiteau, p. 219, Figs. 163, 283, Pl. 1, figs. 3, 16 |
| v | 1994 | Thamnoseris ? delorenzoi Prever, 1909 - Löser, p. 44, Figs. 33-37, Pl. 7, figs. 4-6; Pl. 11, fig. 7 |
| v | 1996 | Latiastrea cf. kaufmanni (Koby, 1897) - Baron-Szabo & Steuber, p. 25, Pl. 15, figs. 1-2 |
Dimensions:
| (5823) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 30 | 2.50-4.06 | 3.21 | 0.43 | 13.4 | 2.77-3.64 |
| clmax | 30 | 3.32-4.87 | 4.13 | 0.43 | 10.6 | 3.69-4.57 |
| ccd | 30 | 2.76-4.59 | 3.60 | 0.51 | 14.2 | 3.09-4.12 |
| s | 10 | 24-34 | 30.40 | 2.79 | 9.2 | 28-33 |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline irregularly polygonal. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section externally slightly thicker, then equally in thickness. Symmetry of septa irregular. Septa occasionally connected to each other. Septal lateral face with pennulae. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella absent or as some small elements, presumably trabecular extensions of septal inner margins. Endotheca absent. Wall not compact, synapticulothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Beds A (BSPG 2003 XX 6990); A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5823, 5845).
Other occurrences: Barremian to Lower Aptian of Kenya (Coast) Frere Town, Malindi road (GLAHM C4072). Barremian to Aptian of Bulgaria (Veliko Tarnovska oblast) Veliko Tarnovo, Arbanasi, Lyaskovets Monastir Sv.Peter. Upper Barremian of France (Ardčche) St.Remčze, Pont de Laval (BSPG 2003 XX 5221). Upper Barremian to Lower Aptian (Lenticularis zone) of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4332). Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya, Lomo de los Gatos (ERNO L-R11706). Lower Aptian (Tuarkyricus - Weissi zones) of UK (Isle of Wight) Atherfield (NHM R06505). Lower Aptian of Spain (Murcia) Sierra de la Muela (BSPG 2003 XX 4700); Greece (Viotía) Arachova; Levadia, Perachorion (BSPG 2003 XX 5802). Lower Aptian (Lenticularis zone) of Greece (Viotía) Levadia, roadcut near Perachorion NW Levadia (BSPG 2003 XX 5787). Lower Aptian (Weissi - Furcata zones) of Tanzania (Tanganyika, Mtwara) Nambawala plateau, Pilepile (MB K1311). Lower Upper Aptian of Algeria (Tebessa) Commune Ouenza, Ouenza Mt (UP M 5139). Uppermost Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Coll de Nargó, Set Comelles, El Caso section (BSPG 2003 XX 5351). Lowermost Albian (Tardefurcata zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Tarragona) Com. Baix Penedčs, Mun. Masllorenç, Masarbones, field N (BSPG 2003 XX 6023). Lower Albian of Mexico (Baja California) El Progreso, Los Torotes section (ERNO L-4394); Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Agua Prieta, E San Bernardino Valley, Cordon Caloso (ERNO L-4210); Municipio Naco, Naco, Sierra San Jose (ERNO L-4409); Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4946). Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg. Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Rochefort, Cadoret (MHE F013); Rochefort, sondage de l'Hôpital. Middle to Upper Cenomanian of Greece (Argolída) Nea Epidavros, road to the relais station (BSPG 2003 XX 5392).
Polyastropsis subplana (Prever, 1909)
(Pl. 1 , fig. 6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5833, 5871, 5877; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1909 | Thamnoseris subplana Prever, p. 75, Pl. 3, fig. 2 |
| v | 1995 | Thamnoseris sp.1 - Löser & Raeder, p. 50 |
| v | 1998 | Thamnoseris sp. - Schöllhorn, p. 97, Pl. 22, figs. 6-7, 10; Pl. 24, figs. 1-2; Pl. 29, fig. 2 |
Dimensions:
| (5833) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 25 | 3.07-5.84 | 4.42 | 0.83 | 18.9 | 3.58-5.25 |
| s | 40-50 | |||||
| sd | 14/5mm | |||||
| (5871) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 30 | 3.70-5.54 | 4.64 | 0.48 | 10.4 | 4.15-5.13 |
| s | 40-50 | |||||
| sd | 5/2mm |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline irregularly polygonal. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section externally slightly thicker, then equally in thickness. Symmetry of septa irregular. Septa occasionally connected to each other. Septal lateral face with pennulae. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella absent or as some small elements, presumably trabecular extensions of septal inner margins. Endotheca unknown. Wall not compact, synapticulothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: All specimens are small and poorly preserved. Longitudinal thin sections could not be obtained.
Occurrence: Beds A (BSPG 2003 XX 5871); A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5833); D2 (BSPG 2003 XX 5877).
Other occurrences: Barremian of France (Doubs) Morteau (MHNN 26751). Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya, Lomo de los Gatos (ERNO L-R10966). Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Levadia, Perachorion; Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Cerasetti. Lower Upper Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. La Noguera, Mun. Vilanova de Meiŕ, Montsec de Rubies, section NW La Cabrua quarry (BSPG 2003 XX 6335). Uppermost Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Coll de Nargó, Set Comelles, El Caso section. Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina (ERNO 2202). Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg (BSPG 2003 XX 1135).
Thalamocaeniopsis Alloiteau, 1954
Type species: Thalamocaeniopsis ouenzensis Alloiteau, 1954, by original designation.
Thalamocaeniopsis explanata (Reig Oriol, 1994)
(Pl. 4 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5814, 5865; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1994 | Microsolena explanata n. sp. - Reig Oriol, p. 33, Pl. 4, fig. 8; Pl. 5, fig. 1 |
Dimensions:
| (5814) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 2.67-4.61 | 3.55 | 0.59 | 16.5 | 2.95-4.13 |
| clmax | 20 | 4.14-6.15 | 5.14 | 0.58 | 11.3 | 4.55-5.72 |
| ccd | 20 | 2.68-4.88 | 3.73 | 0.56 | 14.9 | 3.17-4.29 |
| s | 10 | 48-62 | 55.3 | 5.2 | 9.3 | 50-61 |
| sd | 7/2mm |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline polygonal. Septa perforated at their inner margin. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section externally slightly thicker, then equally in thickness. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length. Septa of younger generations often connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae and thorns, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae absent. Synapticulae occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of isolated trabeculae or one more solid element. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, synapticulothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5814, 5865).
Other occurrences: Lower Valanginian of Spain (Andalucía, Jaén) Sierra de Cazorla, Cabańas, Puerto Llano section (ERNO L-1217007). Upper Barremian to Lower Aptian of Poland, Malopolskie (UJ nn). Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Levadia, Perachorion (BSPG 2003 XX 5723). Aptian to Albian of Greece (Fokída) Mariolada, S spring Kria Vrissi, trail section (BSPG 2009 XV 21). Upper Aptian of Spain (Valencia, Castellón) Benicasin, La Venta (FGUB LV-31). Upper Aptian (Nolani zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Barcelona) Com. Garraf, Mun. Vilanova i la Geltrú, Las Mesquites.
Thalamocaeniopsis sp.
(Pl. 4 , figs. 10-11)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5885; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2004 | Isastrea minima Prever, 1909 - Löser & Mohanti, p. 583, Fig. 2.c |
Dimensions:
| (5885) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 4 | 4.76-6.16 | 5.63 | 0.61 | 10.8 | 5.02-6.24 |
| clmax | 3 | 6.16-8.04 | 7.26 | 0.98 | 13.5 | 6.28-8.25 |
| ccd | 13 | 5.45-7.59 | 6.28 | 0.72 | 11.4 | 5.56-7.00 |
| s | 3 | 48-62 | 45.0 | 4.58 | 10.1 | 40.4-49.6 |
| sd | 12/5mm |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline polygonal. Septa perforated at their inner margin. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section externally slightly thicker, then equally in thickness. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length. Septa of younger generations often connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae and thorns, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae absent. Synapticulae occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of isolated trabeculae. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, synapticulothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed C4 (BSPG 2003 XX 5885).
Other occurrences: Cenomanian of India (Tamil Nadu [= Madras]) Kunnam. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 104).
Family Microsolenidae Koby, 1889
Eocomoseris Melnikova et al., 1993
Type species: Eocomoseris gurumdyensis Roniewicz, 2011, nom. nov. pro Eocomoseris ramosa Melnikova et al., 1993, by original designation.
Eocomoseris sp.
(Pl. 5 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5891; 3 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5891) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 7 | 2.25-3.01 | 2.62 | 0.27 | 10.5 | 2.34-2.90 |
| clmax | 8 | 2.19-3.04 | 2.70 | 0.34 | 12.6 | 2.36-3.05 |
| ccd | 9 | 2.01-3.16 | 2.61 | 0.39 | 15.1 | 2.21-3.00 |
| s | 4 | 18-21 | 19.25 | 1.25 | 6.5 | |
| sd | 6/2mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Septa irregularly perforated. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregular, but two size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length. Septa occasionally connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae fairly common. Columella styliform. Endotheca absent. Coenosteum narrow (approx. 20% c), consists of costae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed D1 (BSPG 2003 XX 5891).
Microsolena Lamouroux, 1821
Type species: Microsolena porosa Lamouroux, 1821, by monotypy.
Microsolena ? interjecta Alloiteau, 1958
(Pl. 5 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5832; 3 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5832) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 20 | 2.18-3.57 | 2.74 | 0.44 | 16.2 | 2.30-3.19 |
| s | 10 | 32-40 | 36.10 | 2.84 | 7.8 | 33-39 |
| sd | 5/1mm | |||||
| sdt | 6/1mm |
Description: Thamnasterioid colony. Septa regularly perforated. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. No septal symmetry. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin with large regular granules, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin unknown. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent. Synapticulae present, abundant. Columella poorly defined, probably some isolated trabeculae. Endotheca absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: M. interjecta is a Jurassic species, but no other name was available for the present specimen.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5832).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Fouras (BSPG 2003 XX 5599). Upper Cenomanian of France (Bouches-du-Rhône) Martigues, trench along road between Martigues and La Couronne (BSPG 2003 XX 5399).
Family Negoporitidae Eliášová, 1995
Negoporites Eliášová, 1989
Type species: Porites michelini Reuss, 1846, by original designation.
Negoporites spissus (Počta, 1887)
(Pl. 5 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5834, 5856, 5863, 5866; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 1887 | Porites spissus Počta, p. 28, Pl. 1, fig. 5.a-b |
| v | 1989 | Goniopora michelini (Reuss, 1845) - Löser, p. 145, Figs. 47-49, Pl. 27, fig. 7 |
| v | 1989 | Mesomorpha cf. ornata Morycowa, 1971 - Löser, p. 120, Fig. 24 |
| v | 2014 | Negoporites spissus (Počta, 1887) - Löser, p. 41, Fig. 6.k |
Dimensions:
| (5834) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 1.21-1.66 | 1.43 | 0.11 | 7.9 | 1.31-1.54 |
| ccd | 20 | 1.42-2.11 | 1.79 | 0.22 | 12.4 | 1.56-2.01 |
| s | 24 | |||||
| sd | 6/1mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular to slightly elliptical. Coral surface plain. Septa irregularly perforated, in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa bilateral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of younger cycles often and regularly connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali irregularly present. Septa are not attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common, mainly in the wall area. Columella small, substyliform. Endotheca consists of numerous thin tabulae. Wall practically not existent. Coenosteum medium broad, consists of trabeculae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5834).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 086). Upper Cenomanian (Guerangeri zone) of Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region) Korycany [= Koritzan]; Korycany, Netreba (CGS HF 1558). Upper Cenomanian (Plenus zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Dohna, Kahlbusch, western part; Dresden-Plauen, Ratssteinbruch, southern quarry.
Family Synastraeidae Alloiteau, 1952
Brachycoenia M. Beauvais, 1982
Type species: Adelastrea leptophylla Reuss, 1854, by original designation.
Brachycoenia sp.
(Pl. 5 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5949; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5949) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 15 | 4.67-6.81 | 5.41 | 0.62 | 11.6 | 4.78-6.04 |
| clmax | 15 | 4.81-7.04 | 5.78 | 0.68 | 11.8 | 5.09-6.46 |
| ccd | 30 | 6.64-9.92 | 8.51 | 1.11 | 13.0 | 7.40-9.63 |
| s | 5 | 44-57 | 49.20 | 4.96 | 10.1 | |
| sd | 15/5mm |
Description: Thamnasterioid colony. Corallites slightly elevated over the colony surface. Septa compact. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular. No septal generations. Septa occasionally connected to each other close to the calicular centre. Septal distal margin coarsely granulated, lateral face with pennulae. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella composed of isolated trabeculae or one more solid element. Endotheca absent. Coenosteum poorly defined because of the type of the calicular arrangement. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed C1 (BSPG 2003 XX 5949).
Other occurrences: Upper Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Aliartos, Chiarmena (BSPG 2003 XX 6182). Santonian of Austria (Salzburg) Rußbach, Zimmergraben (MHE A1222).
Synastrea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
Type species: Astrea agaricites Goldfuss, 1826, by monotypy.
Synastrea sp.
(Pl. 6 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5817, 5879, 5930, 5969; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5832) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 30 | 3.82-6.79 | 5.2 | 0.81 | 15.5 | 4.39-6.01 |
| s | 15 | 26-38 | 29.9 | 4.0 | 13.4 | 26-34 |
| sd | 10/5mm |
Description: Thamnasterioid colony. Calicular centres slightly depressed. Septa compact. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section externally thicker, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular. No septal generations. Septa occasionally connected to each other close to the calicular centre. Septal distal margin coarsely granulated, lateral face with pennulae, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae present, occasional, mainly in the space between corallites. Columella unknown. Endotheca absent. Coenosteum poorly defined because of the type of the calicular arrangement. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5817); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5969); C6 (BSPG 2003 XX 5879, 5930).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova (BSPG 2003 XX 5563). Santonian of Austria (Oberösterreich) Russbach, Pass Gschütt area (MHE A0624); Austria (Salzburg) Rußbach, Randobach (MHE A0841). Campanian to Maastrichtian of Jamaica (St. James) Catadupa (NMNH #442).
Superfamily Eugyroidea Achiardi, 1875
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to different suborders. The family Eugyridae was assigned to the suborder Faviina, that is, as explained above, poorly defined. The family Solenocoeniidae was without systematic position when established. It corresponds to the family Cyathophoridae Vaughan & Wells, 1943. This family cannot be applied because the lectotype of the type species of the genus Cyathophora Michelin, 1842, does not show the characteristics ascribed to it. The genera of the informal group of the genus Felixigyra were assigned to the families Eugyridae and Trochoidomeandridae Turnšek & Mihajlovic, 1981.
Family Eugyridae Achiardi, 1875
Hydnophoraraea Oppenheim, 1930
Type species: Monticularia styriaca Michelin, 1847.
Hydnophoraraea styriaca (Michelin, 1847)
(Pl. 6 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5899; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| * | 1847 | Monticularia styriaca Michelin, p. 295, Pl. 68, fig. 2 |
| 1930 | Hydnophoraraea styriaca - Oppenheim, p. 224, Pl. 14, fig. 4; Pl. 18, figs. 1, 6 |
Dimensions:
| (5899) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ml | 30 | 0.92-1.56 | 1.19 | 0.17 | 14.4 | 11.01-1.36 |
| md | 30 | 1.66-2.41 | 2.02 | 0.21 | 10.5 | 1.81-2.23 |
| s | 20 | 9-18 | 13.7 | 2.4 | 17.5 | 11.3-16.1 |
| sl | 0.3-0.4mm | |||||
| sd | 3/1mm |
Description: Hydnophoroid colony. Monticules elevated, conical, with small centres. Corallites indistinct. Septa compact, in cross section equal in thickness throughout the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregularly radial. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length. Septa occasionally connected to each other, by means of their swollen inner margins. Septal lateral face with thorns, inner margin T-shaped in places. Pali, costae, and synapticulae absent. Columella absent or as some small elements, presumably trabecular extensions of septal inner margins. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5899).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 316). Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen (LFU 8336SG015012#1). Santonian of Austria (Oberösterreich) Russbach, Pass Gschütt area (MHE A0346); Austria (Salzburg) Rußbach, Randobach (MHE A0608).
Parnassomeandra Morycowa & Marcopoulou-Diacantoni, 2002
Type species: Parnassomeandra diacantoniae Morycowa & Marcopoulou-Diacantoni, 2002, by original designation.
Parnassomeandra steuberi Löser, 2013
(Pl. 6 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5893, 5927, 5928; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 2013a | Parnassomeandra steuberi Löser, p. 14, Figs. 5.f-i |
Dimensions:
| (5928) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cl | 15 | 2.85-3.48 | 3.12 | 0.19 | 6.0 | 2.93-3.31 |
| c | 15 | 4.08-4.99 | 4.59 | 0.27 | 5.7 | 4.32-4.85 |
| sd | 7/5mm |
Remarks: A detailed description of the species was given in Löser (2013a).
Occurrence: Beds C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5893); C6 (BSPG 2003 XX 5928); C9 (BSPG 2003 XX 5927).
Other occurrences: Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern.
Family Solenocoeniidae Roniewicz, 2008
Confusaforma Löser, 1987
Type species: Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987, by original designation.
Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987
(Pl. 6 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5827; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| vp | 1909 | Polytremacis glomerata - Prever, p. 69, Pl. 27, fig. 2 |
| *v | 1987 | Confusaforma weyeri Löser, p. 234, Pl. 1, figs. 1-3 |
| v | 1989 | Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987 - Löser, p. 104, Figs. 10-13, Pl. 22, figs. 1-5 |
| v | 2003 | Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987- Baron-Szabo & González León, p. 207, Fig. 7.B |
| v | 2014b | Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987- Löser, p. 46, Fig. 7.g |
| v | 2015b | Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987- Löser, p. 16, Fig. 1.A-C |
Dimensions:
| (5827) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 15 | 0.40-0.73 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 14.5 | 0.48-0.65 |
| clmax | 15 | 0.57-1.03 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 18.5 | 0.60-0.87 |
| ccd | 15 | 1.16-2.02 | 1.53 | 0.23 | 15.3 | 1.29-1.76 |
| s | 3-6 |
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline irregular. Septa compact. Septa in cross section thick close to the wall and of triangular outline. Symmetry of septa irregular. Septa very short, reduced to ridges, not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae, synapticulae, and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous and regular tabulae. Wall compact, structure unknown. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5827).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Mezza Spada; Slovenia (West Slovenia) Banskja Planota, Osojnica (SAZU P-525). Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 230). Upper Cenomanian of Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region) Kolín, Planany (CGS HF 2476). Upper Cenomanian (Plenus zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Dresden-Plauen, Ratssteinbruch, former quarries; Dresden-Plauen, Ratssteinbruch, southern quarry.
Cryptocoenia Orbigny, 1849
Type species: Astrea alveolata Goldfuss, 1826, by monotypy.
Cryptocoenia cf. biedai (Morycowa, 1964)
(Pl. 7 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5848, 5881; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| vp | 1884 | Astrocoenia bulgarica nov. sp. - Toula, p. 1317, Pl. 6, fig. 4 |
| vp | 1889 | Cryptocoenia ramosa nov. spec. - Toula, p. 83, Pl. 5, figs. 10-11 |
| vp | 1891 | Cyathophora atempa - Felix, p. 155, Pl. 25, figs. 7-8 |
| v | 1981 | Cyathophora steinmanni Fritzsche, 1924 - Turnšek & Mihajlovic, p. 18, Pl. 13, figs. 3-4 |
| 1993 | Pseudocoenia beskidena Eliášová, 1981 - Baron-Szabo & Steuber, p. 8, Pl. 3, fig. 3 | |
| v | 2013 | Cryptocoenia bulgarica (Toula, 1884) - Löser, Werner & Darga, p. 64, Pl. 9, figs. 2-3 |
| v | 2015b | Cryptocoenia biedai (Morycowa, 1964) - Löser, p. 19, Fig. 2.D-F |
Dimensions:
| (5881) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 30 | 1.54-1.99 | 1.80 | 0.13 | 7.5 | 1.66-1.93 |
| clmax | 20 | 1.80-2.53 | 2.19 | 0.22 | 10.1 | 1.97-2.41 |
| ccd | 30 | 1.80-2.76 | 2.24 | 0.27 | 12.1 | 1.97-2.52 |
| s | 6-12 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa very short, often hardly visible. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca of numerous regular tabulae. Wall compact, probably parathecal. Coenosteum very narrow (approx. 10% c). Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The present material differs from C. biedai by slightly larger calicular dimensions.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5848, 5855); C6 (BSPG 2003 XX 5881).
Other occurrences: Barremian of Mexico (Puebla) Tehuacán, San Antonio Texcala. Barremian (Moutoniceras - Giraudi zone) of France (Drôme) Serre de Bleyton (NHMW 2008z0096/19). Upper Barremian of Poland (Malopolskie, Tarnów) Tarnów, Trzemesna. Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova; Serbia (East Serbia) Pirot; Zljebine. Upper Aptian of Spain (Vascongadas, Vizc5855, aya) Gamecho, Playa de Laga. Lower Albian of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cabo de Ajo (ERNO L-4706); Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina. Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern (SMF 75633). Middle Albian of Greece (Viotía) Aliartos, Korónia. Upper Albian of UK (Devonshire) Exeter, Haldon Hill (NHM R23570). Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen. Upper Cenomanian (Guerangeri zone) of Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region) Korycany, Netreba (CGS HF 1481).
Cryptocoenia corbariensis (Alloiteau, 1948)
(Pl. 4 , fig. 12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5841, 5897; 1 thin section.
Synonymy:
| 1857 | Cyathophora icaunensis - Fromentel, p. 41 | |
| *v | 1948 | Cyathophora corbariensis Alloiteau, p. 721, Fig. 9, Pl. 26, fig. 8; Pl. 27, fig. 3 |
| v | 2013 | Cryptocoenia corbariensis (Alloiteau, 1948) - Löser, p. 34, Fig. 11.j-l |
Dimensions:
| (5897) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 15 | 2.75-3.64 | 3.09 | 0.25 | 8.2 | 2.84-3.35 |
| clmax | 15 | 3.12-3.91 | 3.45 | 0.21 | 6.2 | 3.23-3.66 |
| ccd | 15 | 3.04-4.97 | 3.97 | 0.68 | 17.1 | 3.28-4.65 |
| s | 12 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, probably parathecal. Coenosteum very narrow (approx. 10% c). Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5841, 5897).
Other occurrences: Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Yonne) Gy-l'Evęque. Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern; Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern. Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Fouras (BSPG 2003 XX 5592).
Cryptocoenia jacobi (Alloiteau, 1948)
(Pl. 7 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5860; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1948 | Cyathophora Jacobi Alloiteau, p. 722, Pl. 27, figs. 1, 7-8 |
| v | 1963 | Plesiastraea sulcati-lamellosa Fromentel - Reyeros Navarro, p. 18, Pl. 1, fig. 2 |
| v | 1995 | Adelocoenia neocomiensis (Orbigny, 1850) - Löser & Raeder, p. 42 |
| v | 1998 | Adelocoenia neocomiensis (Orbigny, 1850) - Schöllhorn, p. 74, Fig. 35, Pl. 19, figs. 7, 10; Pl. 28, fig. 3 |
| v | 2013a | Cryptocoenia jacobi (Alloiteau, 1948) - Löser, p. 35, Figs. 11.f-g [= here detailed synonymy] |
Dimensions:
| (5860) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 2.90-3.59 | 3.20 | 0.19 | 6.2 | 3.00-3.40 |
| clmax | 25 | 2.97-3.78 | 3.45 | 0.24 | 7.1 | 3.20-3.69 |
| ccd | 30 | 3.6-4.74 | 4.09 | 0.34 | 8.4 | 3.74-4.43 |
| s | 12-24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca of numerous regular tabulae. Wall compact, probably parathecal. Coenosteum very narrow (approx. 10% c). Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5860).
Other occurrences: Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Yonne) Fontenoy, field S the junction to Les Merles (BSPG 2003 XX 5407); Gy-l'Evęque, fields SW Gy-l'Evęque (BSPG 2003 XX 6408). Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya; San Juan Raya, Lomo de los Gatos (ERNO L-7239). Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Levadia, Perachorion. Lower Upper Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Cabó, Senyús section. Upper Aptian to Albian of Iran (Esfahan) Esfahan Basin, Dizlu (PIUEN b35). Uppermost Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Coll de Nargó, Set Comelles, El Caso section. Lower to Middle Albian of Spain (Valencia, Alicante) Sierra de Seguili. Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern. Lower Upper Albian (Inflatum zone) of Spain (Valencia, Alicante) Sierra de Llorençá. Upper Albian of UK (Devonshire) Exeter, Haldon Hill (NHM R06502). Cenomanian of India (Tamil Nadu [= Madras]) Kunnam.
Cryptocoenia cf. miyakoensis (Eguchi, 1936)
(Pl. 7 , figs. 7-9)
Material:
BSPG 2003 XX 5883, 5923; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2015b | Cryptocoenia cf. miyakoensis (Eguchi, 1936) - Löser, p. 20, Figs. 4.A-B |
Dimensions:
| (5883) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 10 | 1.10-1.74 | 1.32 | 0.19 | 14.5 | 1.13-1.52 |
| ccd | 5 | 1.90-2.12 | 2.04 | 0.08 | 4.0 | 1.96-2.13 |
| s | 6 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline irregular circular. Septa compact. Microstructure of septa unknown. Symmetry of septa radial and hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa very short, reduced to ridges, not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae unknown. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous tabulae. Wall compact, probably parathecal. Coenosteum very narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The only specimen is poorly preserved and only few measurements were possible. The material, which probably represents a new and yet undescribed species, is distinguished from C. miyakoensis by larger calicular dimensions.
Occurrence: Beds C7 (BSPG 2003 XX 5923); C9 (BSPG 2003 XX 5883).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Levadia, Perachorion (BSPG 2003 XX 5768). Aptian to Lower Albian of Japan (Iwate-ken) Miyako-shi, Sakiyama, Hideshima (TUM L-NN-10). Upper Aptian of Japan (Miyagi-ken) (TUM L-NN-9). Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Cucurpe, Cucurpe, La Mesa; Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina.
Cryptocoenia sp.
(Pl. 7 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5835, 5862, 5924, 5926, 5966; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| 1993 | Pentacoenia pulchella Orbigny, 1850 - Baron-Szabo & Steuber, p. 18 | |
| v | 2015 | Cryptocoenia sp. - Löser, Arias & Vilas, p. 58, Fig. 8.d-f |
Dimensions:
| (5835) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 1.31-1.81 | 1.54 | 0.14 | 9.3 | 1.39-1.68 |
| clmax | 20 | 1.69-2.25 | 1.92 | 0.15 | 8.1 | 1.76-2.07 |
| ccd | 30 | 1.74-2.72 | 2.15 | 0.27 | 12.3 | 1.88-2.41 |
| s | 6 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline irregular circular. Septa compact. Microstructure of septa unknown. Symmetry of septa radial and hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length. Septa very short, reduced to ridges, not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, confluent or sub-confluent, surface unknown. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous tabulae. Wall compact, probably parathecal. Coenosteum narrow, consists of costae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5835, 5862); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5966); C9 (BSPG 2003 XX 5924, 5926).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova. Upper Aptian of Spain (Vascongadas, Vizcaya) Gamecho, Playa de Laga. Upper Albian of Spain (Murcia) Jumilla, Sierra del Carche.
Felixigyrids, informal group
Remarks: The informal group encompasses two genera of the Lower Cretaceous and Lower Cenomanian. For details compare to Löser (2013d).
Felixigyra Prever, 1909
Type species: Felixigyra deangelisi Prever, 1909, by subsequent definition in Wells (1936).
Felixigyra sp.
(Pl. 8 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5816; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2010a | Felixigyra sp. - Löser, p. 195, Fig. 7 |
Dimensions:
| (5816) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| crw | 15 | 0.82-1.37 | 1.13 | 0.17 | 14.8 | 0.96-1.29 |
| md | 10 | 1.37-1.97 | 1.67 | 0.24 | 14.4 | 1.42-1.90 |
| sd | 7/2mm |
Description: Hydnophoroid colony. Monticules conical, but thick. Corallites distinct. Septa compact. Septa in cross section thick throughout the whole septum. No septal symmetry, only two irregular size orders. Septal lateral face occasionally with thorns, inner margin T-shaped and swollen. Pali, costae, synapticulae, and columella absent. Endotheca consists of dissepiments. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal, polystomodeal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5816).
Other occurrences: Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO 3142).
Rhipidomeandra Morycowa & Masse, 1998
Type species: Rhipidomeandra bugrovae Morycowa & Masse, 1998, by original designation.
Rhipidomeandra sp.
(Pl. 8 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5818, 7443; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013d | Rhipidomeandra sp. 2 - Löser, p. 14, Fig. 1 |
Dimensions:
| (5818) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| crw | 25 | 0.55-0.85 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 11.5 | 0.61-0.77 |
| crd | 20 | 1.16-1.87 | 1.55 | 0.19 | 12.4 | 1.35-1.74 |
| sd | 7/2mm |
Description: Meandroid-hydnophoroid colony. Calicular rows long and straight. Corallites partly distinct. No neighbouring corallites in one row. Valley septa absent. Septa compact, in cross section thick throughout the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregular, but two size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin T-shaped and swollen. Pali, costae, synapticulae, and columella absent. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, structure unknown. Collines tectiform. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal, polystomodeal.
Remarks: This species was discussed in detail in Löser (2013d).
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5818).
Superfamily Felixaraeoidea M. Beauvais, 1982
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Fungiina Verrill, 1865. The suborder was applied by Alloiteau (1952) and subsequent authors in a very broad sense for any coral with perforate septa and/or synapticulae (except Dendrophylliina). The suborder collected numerous families that vary considerably in their septal microstructure. Fungiina sensu stricto are corals with fulturae, e.g., only the Fungiidae, and perhaps the Asteroseriidae. All other families cannot remain in this suborder. Some families were already separated into the suborder Microsolenina (see above).
Family Lamellofungiidae Alloiteau, 1952
Kozaniastrea new genus
Origin of the name: After the region.
Type species: Kozaniastrea pachysepta n. sp.
Species: Only the type species.
Diagnosis: Cerioid colony with very thick compact septa in a subregular hexameral symmetry. Without columella, pali and synapticulae. Endotheca well developed. Wall septothecal. Budding intracalicinal, septal.
Comparison: From the only comparable genus Lamellofungia the new genus differs by the much more irregular septal insertion.
Description: Cerioid colony. Calicular outline irregularly polygonal, with a small diameter. Coral surface plane. Septa compact. Microstructure of septa unknown. Septa in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. First septal cycle extends close to the calicular centre, later cycles are subsequently shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with large granules, inner margin swollen. Pali absent. Costae hardly present, confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous tabulae. Wall subcompact, septothecal. Coenosteum absent. Budding intracalicinal, septal.
Systematic position: Because of the lack of septal microstructures the systematic position is somewhat unsure. The outline of the septa, and their thickness suggest a position in the family Lamellofungiidae.
Kozaniastrea pachysepta n. sp.
(Pl. 9 , figs. 1-5)
Origin of the name: Because of the thick septa.
Holotype: BSPG 2009 XX 7449.
Material studied: Holotype BSPG 2003 XX 7449; 3 thin sections.
Type locality: Greece, Kozani, Nea Nikopoli, section A, bed 5-12.
Type level: Cretaceous, Lower Cenomanian.
Diagnosis: Kozaniastrea with a calicular diameter of 2-3mm and 11-14 septa.
Description: As for the genus.
Dimensions:
| (7449) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 1.76-2.82 | 2.31 | 0.30 | 12.9 | 2.01-2.61 |
| clmax | 25 | 2.30-4.04 | 3.10 | 0.49 | 15.9 | 2.61-3.60 |
| ccd | 35 | 2.42-3.84 | 3.01 | 0.42 | 14.1 | 2.58-3.44 |
| s | 25 | 9-16 | 12.2 | 1.5 | 12.0 | 10.69-13.62 |
Superfamily Haplaraeoidea Vaughan & Wells, 1943
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Fungiina Verrill, 1865. See above for explanations.
Family Haplaraeidae Vaughan & Wells, 1943
Haplaraea Milaschewitsch, 1876
Type species: Haplaraea elegans Milaschewitsch, 1876, by monotypy.
Haplaraea gracilis (Hackemesser, 1936)
(Pl. 8 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5854, 5958, 5960; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v* | 1936 | Elasmophyllia gracilis Hackemesser, p. 34, Pl. 4, Figs. 8-9 |
Dimensions:
| (5830) | |
| cl | 17-19mm |
| s | ca. 120 |
| sd | 5/2mm |
| (5960) | |
| cl | 15 |
| s | 80-90 |
| sd | 4/2mm |
Description: Phaceloid colony. Calicular outline circular to elliptical. Septa perforated at their inner margin, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregularly radial. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa of younger generations in places attached to those of preceding generations. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with thorns, inner margin smooth. Pali and costae absent. Synapticulae rare. Columella difficult to separate from the perforated septal inner margins, probably consists of isolated trabecules. Endotheca with tabulae. Wall absent. Budding intracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5854, 5958, 5960).
Other occurrences: Cretaceous of Greece (Fokída) Kiona massif, Panourgias.
Superfamily Heterocoenioidea Oppenheim, 1930
Remarks: Most families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Heterocoeniina M. Beauvais, 1974. This suborder, based on a family originally assigned to the suborder Stylinina, was relatively well-limited and defined.
Family Agatheliidae L. Beauvais & M. Beauvais, 1975
Canleria Eliášová, 1996
Type species: Canleria clemens Eliášová, 1996, by original designation.
Canleria clemens Eliášová, 1996
(Pl. 8 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5852, 5859, 5951; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v* | 1996 | Canleria clemens Eliášová, p. 255, Pl. 1, figs. 1-2; Pl. 2, figs. 1-4 |
| v | 2014a | Canleria clemens Eliášová, 1996 - Löser, p. 312, Figs. 7.1-3 |
Dimensions:
| (5951) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 1.16-1.69 | 1.43 | 0.12 | 8.6 | 1.30-1.55 |
| clmax | 25 | 1.33-1.89 | 1.58 | 0.13 | 8.6 | 1.44-1.72 |
| c | 30 | 2.02-3.50 | 2.79 | 0.38 | 13.6 | 2.41-3.17 |
| ccd | 30 | 1.94-3.93 | 2.79 | 0.49 | 17.7 | 2.30-3.29 |
| s | 6+6 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to slightly elliptical. Septa compact, in cross section thick close to the wall, then equally very thin. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with apophysal septa and thorns, inner margin rarely branching. Pali, costae, synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, consists of horizontal trabeculae. Coenosteum medium broad (approx. 30% c), consists of dissepiments and trabeculae. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The species has just recently (Löser, 2014a) been revised.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5852, 5859, 5951).
Other occurrences: Upper Cenomanian of Czech Republic (Central Bohemian region) Kolín, Planany.
Canleria sp. 1
(Pl. 9 , figs. 6-8)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 6149; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2014a | Canleria sp. 1 - Löser, p. 314, Figs. 7.7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (6149) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 1.96-2.69 | 2.33 | 0.23 | 10.1 | 2.09-2.57 |
| clmax | 20 | 2.17-3.24 | 2.61 | 0.29 | 11.1 | 2.32-2.90 |
| c min | 20 | 3.85-5.16 | 4.29 | 0.39 | 9.2 | 3.90-4.69 |
| ccd | 20 | 3.29-5.71 | 4.23 | 0.71 | 16.6 | 3.53-4.95 |
| s | 6+6 |
Remarks: A detailed description of the material was given in Löser (2014a).
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 6149).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Fouras.
Canleria sp. 2
(Pl. 10 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5867; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2014a | Canleria sp. 3 - Löser, p. 314, Figs. 8.1-3 |
Dimensions:
| (5867) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 4 | 3.77-4.59 | 4.29 | 0.38 | 8.8 | 3.91-4.67 |
| clmax | 4 | 4.38-5.25 | 4.82 | 0.38 | 7.8 | 4.44-5.20 |
| c | 4 | 6.04-7.66 | 6.74 | 0.80 | 11.8 | 5.94-7.54 |
| ccd | 4 | 8.71-9.43 | 9.06 | 0.34 | 3.7 | 8.72-9.40 |
| s | 12-15 |
Remarks: A detailed description of the material was provided in Löser (2014a).
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5867).
Family Heterocoeniidae Oppenheim, 1930
Styloheterocoenia new genus
Origin of the name: In relation to the genus Heterocoenia and (Latin) Stylus for bar or rod, referring to the pali originating from the costae.
Type species: Styloheterocoenia hellenensis n. sp.
Species: Type species and S. brunni n. sp.
Diagnosis: A member of the family Heterocoeniidae with external pali (costal pali; Löser, 2016c: 33) originating from the costae. Septa thick, compact, in a regular septal symmetry in various systems (trimeral, tetrameral, hexameral), finely ornamented at their later faces. Wall subcompact, septothecal. Endotheca well developed. Columella and synapticulae absent.
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline irregular circular. Septa compact. Microstructure of small-sized trabeculae, septa with a median dark line. Septa in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly trimeral (in the type species). Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length. First septal cycle extends close to the calicular centre, later cycles are subsequently shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent, with pali-like outgrowths, called costal pali. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous and regular tabulae. Wall present, subcompact, septothecal. Coenosteum medium broad (approx. 50% c), consists of tabulae and costal pali. Budding extracalicinal.
Comparison: The new genus compares well to Heterocoenia, but differs by pali-like upward-growing extensions of the costae that appear in the coenosteum as large isolated trabeculae.
Remarks: The genus is rather common in the Upper Albian to Cenomanian from the Western and Central Tethys, but rarely reported in the literature. It was found in Bavaria (Germany), Cantabria (Spain), Charente-Maritime (France), in the Kiona Massif (Greece), and in the Prebetic zone (Spain).
Styloheterocoenia hellenensis n. sp.
(Pl. 11 , figs. 1-4)
Origin of the name: In relation to the type area.
Holotype: BSPG 2009 XX 5837.
Material studied: Holotype with three thin sections.
Type locality: Greece, Kozani, Nea Nikopoli, section A, bed 5-12.
Type level: Cretaceous, Lower Cenomanian.
Diagnosis: Styloheterocoenia mit a trimeral septal symmetry, 12 septa, and a smaller inner calicular diameter of 4-5 mm.
Dimensions:
| (5837) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 4 | 3.73-5.30 | 4.62 | 0.66 | 14.4 | 3.95-5.29 |
| clmax | 5 | 4.20-5.65 | 5.03 | 0.60 | 12.0 | 4.42-5.64 |
| ccd | 4 | 4.58-9.47 | 7.25 | 2.04 | 28.1 | 5.20-9.29 |
| s | 3+3+6 |
Styloheterocoenia brunni n. sp.
(Pl. 10 , figs. 7-9)
Origin of the name: After J.H. Brunn who was the first to describe the type locality.
Holotype: BSPG 2003 XX 5849 with two thin sections.
Paratype: BSPG 2003 XX 5847.
Material studied: Holotype, paratype.
Type locality: Greece, Kozani, Nea Nikopoli, section A, bed 5-12.
Type level: Cretaceous, Lower Cenomanian.
Diagnosis: Styloheterocoenia with a calicular diameter of 2-3 mm, a trimeral septal symmetry, and 6 to 12 septa.
Description: As for the genus.
Comparison: The species differs from S. hellenensis by smaller calicular dimensions and a lower number of septa.
Dimensions:
| (5849) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 12 | 1.67-2.99 | 2.26 | 0.42 | 18.7 | 1.84-2.68 |
| clmax | 12 | 1.98-3.47 | 2.76 | 0.49 | 17.9 | 2.26-3.25 |
| ccd | 12 | 4.11-5.87 | 5.12 | 0.60 | 11.8 | 4.51-5.73 |
| sys | 3 | |||||
| s | 6-12 |
Styloheterocoenia sp.
(Pl. 12 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5937; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5837) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cl | 20 | 1.65-2.38 | 2.04 | 0.20 | 10.2 | 1.83-2.25 |
| ccd | 25 | 2.84-5.08 | 3.94 | 0.64 | 16.3 | 3.30-4.59 |
| s | 4+4 |
Description: As for the genus.
Remarks: The only specimen is too poorly preserved to be used to establish a new species for it.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5937).
Heterocoenia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
Type species: Lithodendron exigua Michelin, 1847, subsequent definition in Milne Edwards & Haime (1851a).
Heterocoenia distans (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848)
(Pl. 10 , figs. 4-6)
Material:
BSPG 2003 XX 5819, 5840, 5864, 5873; 10 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1848c | Dichocoenia ? distans Milne Edwards & Haime, p. 308 |
Dimensions:
| (5819) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 25 | 2.54-3.32 | 2.91 | 0.22 | 7.6 | 2.69-3.13 |
| clmax | 25 | 2.92-3.99 | 3.35 | 0.28 | 8.4 | 3.07-3.64 |
| ccd | 20 | 3.10-5.89 | 4.66 | 0.88 | 18.9 | 3.78-5.55 |
| s | 6+6 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline irregular circular. Septa compact, in cross section thick close to the wall and of triangular outline. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin branching in places. No main septum. Pali absent. Costae present but short, non-confluent, rarely sub-confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca well developed, consists of tabulae and dissepiments. Wall compact, thin in places, paraseptothecal. Coenosteum narrow (approx. 25% c), consisting of dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5873); A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5819, 5840, 5864).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Ile d'Aix. Santonian of Austria (Oberösterreich) Russbach, Pass Gschütt area (BSPG 2003 XX 6778); Austria (Salzburg) Rußbach, Randobach (MHE A0593); Rußbach, Zimmergraben (MHE A1054). Lower Upper Campanian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Pallars Jussŕ, Mun. Pallars Jussŕ, Pobla de Segur, Torallola (BSPG 2006 II 8).
Family Paronastraeidae M. Beauvais, 1974
Tiarasmilia Wells, 1932
Type species: Tiarasmilia casteri Wells, 1932, by original designation.
Tiarasmilia cf. casteri Wells, 1932
(Pl. 11 , figs. 5-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5953, 5965; 3 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5953) | |
| c | 12 |
| cl | 9 |
| s | 24 |
| (5965) | |
| c | 20 |
| cl | 18 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with apophysal septa, inner margin branching. Pali absent. Costae present but short. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca unknown. Wall compact, structure unknown.
Remarks: The material differs from T. casteri by a different septal ornamentation. In Tiarasmilia the apophysal septa are directed to the calicular centre whereas in the present material the apophysal septa grow in a rectangular angle from the septa.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5953); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5965).
Tiarasmilia sp.
(Pl. 13 , fig. 4)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5921; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| 1997 | Trochoidomeandra cf. problematica Morycowa, 1971 - Baron-Szabo & Fernández Mendiola, p. 48, Fig. 5.e | |
| v | 2010a | Tiarasmilia sp. 1 - Löser, p. 162, Figs. 2.9, 3.1, 3.2 |
| v | 2013a | Tiarasmilia sp. - Löser, p. 18, Fig. 6.l |
Dimensions:
| (5921) | |
| c | 10 |
| cl | 8 |
| s | 12 |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, in cross section thick close to the wall, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with fine apophysal septa, inner margin swollen. Pali absent. Costae unknown. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca unknown. Wall unknown.
Occurrence: Bed C7 (BSPG 2003 XX 5921).
Other occurrences: Upper Barremian of Mexico (Puebla) Tehuacán, La Compańía (IGM 9263). Aptian to Albian of Greece (Fokída) Kiona massif, Panourgias [= Dremisa] (BSPG 2003 XX 5901). Lower Albian of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cabo de Ajo; Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Cucurpe, Cucurpe, La Mesa. Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern. Middle Cenomanian (Mantelli - Rhotomagense zone) of Belgium (Hainaut) Tournai-Chercq (MNHN M00283).
Superfamily Misistelloidea Eliášová, 1976
Remarks: The family and informal group of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborders Astraeoida Alloiteau, 1952, and Meandrinina Alloiteau, 1952. The suborder Astraeoida is poorly defined as explained above. The definition of the suborder Meandrinina was rather conceptual when it was established. No data were provided on the septal microstructure. Subsequently, a large amount of material with very small trabeculae was assigned to this suborder. The name-giving genus Meandrina Lamarck, 1801, possesses rather large trabeculae, and is therefore much closer allied to the suborder Faviina in its traditional understanding.
Plesiosmiliids, informal group
Plesiolites new genus
Origin of the name: Formed from the genus names Plesiosmilia and Cyclolites.
Type species: Plesiolites winnii n. sp.
Species: Only the type species.
Diagnosis: Cyclolitid coral with compact septa, in a regular symmetry and a large lamellar columella.
Comparison: Among the genera of the Plesiosmilia informal group, there is no cyclolitid genus. Other known cyclolitid genera have perforate septa.
Description: Solitary cupolate ('cyclolytid') coral. Calicular outline circular to slightly elliptical, calicular pit slightly depressed. Septa compact. Septa in cross section thick in the middle, thinner externally and toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin smooth, lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Two opposite septa of the first cycle are sometimes attached to the columella. Costae and synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments. Wall present, compact, structure unknown. Epitheca present.
Systematic position: Because of the lack of septal microstructure the systematic position of the genus is somewhat unsure. The outline of the septa, their regular symmetry, the poorly ornamented lateral faces, and the well-developed endotheca would suggest a position close to the genus Plesiosmilia.
Plesiolites winnii n. sp.
(Pl. 12 , figs. 4-8)
Origin of the name: In honour of Winfried ('Winni') Werner, former deputy directory of the Bayerische Staatssammlungen für Geologie und Paläontologie in Munich (Germany), good friend and colleague.
Holotype: BSPG 2009 XX 7469.
Paratypes: BSPG 2009 XX 7464, 7465, 7466.
Material studied: Holotype, paratypes, another six specimens (BSPG 2003 XX 7460, 7461, 7462, 7471, 7472, 7473); 5 thin sections.
Type locality: Greece, Kozani, Nea Nikopoli, section A, bed 5-12.
Type level: Cretaceous, Lower Cenomanian.
Diagnosis: Plesiolites with a diameter of about 30mm and 80 to 124 septa.
Description: As for the genus.
Dimensions:
| (7464) | |
| c | 29.5x33 |
| s | 110 |
| (7465) | |
| c | 25.5x28.7 |
| s | 80 |
| (7466) | |
| c | 28x32 |
| s | 124 |
| (7469) | |
| c | 29x31 |
| s | 110 |
Plesiosmilia Milaschewitsch, 1876
Type species: Plesiosmilia turbinata Milaschewitsch, 1876, by subsequent designation in Wells (1936).
Plesiosmilia vaughani (Angelis d'Ossat, 1905)
(Pl. 13 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5964; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1905 | Pleurosmilia Vaughani Angelis d'Ossat, p. 234, Pl. 16, fig. 3 |
| v | 1905 | Peplosmilia Coquandi - Angelis d'Ossat, p. 239, Pl. 17, fig. 2.a-b |
| v | 1905 | Peplosmilia Iberica - Angelis d'Ossat, p. 240, Pl. 17, fig. 4.a-c |
| v | 1905 | Peplosmilia Casańasi - Angelis d'Ossat, p. 241, Pl. 17, fig. 5.a-d |
| v | 1933 | Pleurosmilia whitneyi n.sp. - Wells, p. 62, Pl. 2, fig. 20; Pl. 5, fig. 5 |
Dimensions:
| (5964) | |
| c | 29x36 |
| s | 96 |
| sdc | 5/4mm |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section centrally thicker. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Two opposite septa of the first cycle are attached to the columella. Costae present. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments. Wall absent.
Occurrence: Bed A4b (BSPG 2003 XX 5964).
Other occurrences: Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Yonne) Gy-l'Evęque, fields SW Gy-l'Evęque (BSPG 2003 XX 6506). Upper Aptian (Nolani zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Barcelona) Com. Garraf, Mun. Vilanova i la Geltrú, Las Mesquites. Lowermost Albian (Tardefurcata zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Barcelona) Com. Alt Penedés, Mun. Castellví de la Marca; Com. Alt Penedčs, Castellvi de la Marca, Can Pascual (ERNO L-6827). Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Arizpe, El Salmón (ERNO L-4967); Municipio Cucurpe, Cucurpe, La Mesa (ERNO L-4360). Middle Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio San Pedro de la Cueva, Tepache, Lampazos area, Espinazo de Diablo (ERNO L-120515). Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of USA (Texas) Travis County, Manchaca, first creek.
Trochophyllia Alloiteau, 1952
Type species: Montlivaltia melania Fromentel, 1861, by original designation.
Remarks: Trochophyllia is here applied as a Plesiosmilia without columella and replaces Paramontlivaltia. Paramontlivaltia itself is a problematic genus. There is only one possible syntype of Montlivaltia charcennensis, the type species of Paramontlivaltia, available. This is the holotype of Montlivaltia perornata nom. nud. as declared by Alloiteau (1956b). But this specimen was not illustrated by its author (Fromentel, 1863a; Fromentel & Ferry, 1869) and belongs to the genus Montlivaltia. In contrast, the material illustrated by Alloiteau (1956a) that corresponds to the illustrated syntypes of Montlivaltia charcennensiscould not be found anymore. The two type specimens are not identical as suggested by the online catalogue of the MNHN. The name Paramontlivaltia is therefore a nomen dubium. Another possible candidate for comparable material is the genus Ellipsosmilia Orbigny, 1849, but the type material of the type species is silicified and sections or thin sections do not exist.
Trochophyllia ogilvieae (Angelis d'Ossat, 1905)
(Pl. 13 , fig. 5)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5947; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 1905 | Epismilia Ogilviei - Angelis d'Ossat, p. 229, Pl. 15, fig. 10.a-b |
| v | 2014b | Paramontlivaltia frechi (Angelis d'Ossat, 1905) - Löser, p. 34, Fig. 5.b |
Dimensions:
| (5947) | |
| c | 25-36 |
| s | 120 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial but systems are not recognisable. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with granules, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Costae present but short, smooth on their surface. Synapticulae absent. Columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5954).
Other occurrences: Lowermost Albian (Tardefurcata zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Barcelona) Com. Alt Penedčs, Mun. Castellví de la Marca, Can Pascual.
Trochophyllia rara (Prever, 1909)
(Pl. 13 , figs. 6-7)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5931; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v* | 1909 | Trochosmilia rara Prever, p. 107, Fig. 11, Pl. 10, fig. 29 |
| v | 1909 | Trochosmilia communis - Prever, p. 106, Figs. 8-10, Pl. 10, fig. 4 |
| v | 1909 | Trochosmilia polymorpha - Prever, p. 108, Figs. 12-13, Pl. 10, figs. 5-23 |
| v | 1994 | ? Paramontlivaltia inaequalis (Michelin, 1845) - Löser, p. 21, Figs. 12-13, Pl. 6, fig. 2; Pl. 12, figs. 4-5; Pl. 14, fig. 1 |
| v | 2007 | Montlivaltia sp. - Pandey, Fürsich & Baron-Szabo, p. 26, Pl. 6, fig. 2 |
Dimensions:
| (5931) | |
| c | 14x21 |
| s | 48 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Septal microstructure with small trabeculae marked as a dark line. Symmetry of septa radial but systems are not recognisable. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other, or rarely by means of dissepiments. Septal lateral face with granules, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Costae present but short, smooth on their surface. Synapticulae absent. Columella absent. Endotheca consists of dissepiments.
Occurrence: Bed C4 (BSPG 2003 XX 5931).
Other occurrences: Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya (IGM Museum GA 9-3). Lower Aptian of Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre; Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Agnese; Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Cerasetti; Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Mezza Spada. Upper Aptian to Lower Albian of Iran, Koppeh Dagh, Mashad. Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg.
Trochophyllia tourtiensis (Bölsche, 1871)
(Pl. 13 , fig. 8)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5941; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v* | 1871 | Montlivaultia ? Tourtiensis Bölsche, p. 46, Pl. 11, fig. 1 |
| v | 1989 | Montlivaltia ? tourtiensis Bölsche, 1871 - Löser, p. 112, Fig. 19, Pl. 24, figs. 1-2 |
Dimensions:
| (5941) | |
| c | 17-21 |
| s | 120 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Septal microstructure with small trabeculae marked as a dark line. Symmetry of septa radial but systems are not recognisable. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with granules, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Costae present but short, smooth on their surface. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of dissepiments.
Occurrence: Bed C1 (BSPG 2003 XX 5941).
Other occurrences: Upper Cenomanian (Plenus zone) of Germany (Sachsen) Dresden-Plauen.
Trochophyllia sp.
(Pl. 13 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5955, 5956, 5957, 5959, 5962; 11 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2000 | Trochocyathus microphyes Felix, 1903 - Baron-Szabo, p. 126, Pl. 10, figs. 5, 7; Pl. 12, fig. 3 |
Dimensions:
| (5955) | |
| c | 21-25 |
| s | 140 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial but systems are not recognisable. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with granules, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present but short, smooth on their surface. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5955, 5956, 5957, 5959, 5962).
Other occurrences: Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Aube) Troyes, Valličres (CF 862). Upper Campanian to Lower Maastrichtian of United Arab Emirates (Al Ain) Al Ain, Huwayyah Mt, SW corner.
Superfamily Montastraeoidea Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Faviina that is poorly defined as explained above.
Family Placocoeniidae Alloiteau, 1952
Placocoenia Orbigny, 1849
Type species: Astrea macrophthalma Goldfuss, 1826, by monotypy.
Placocoenia sp.
(Pl. 14 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5875; 3 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5875) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 8 | 6.98-8.88 | 7.93 | 0.73 | 9.2 | 7.20-8.66 |
| clmax | 7 | 7.85-9.83 | 8.88 | 0.63 | 7.1 | 8.25-9.51 |
| ccd | 10 | 12.35-16.56 | 14.01 | 1.22 | 8.7 | 12.78-15.23 |
| s | 6+6+12+24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Corallites elevated over the colony surface. Septa compact. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa (and costae) in cross section in the wall thick, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa only rarely connected to each other in the calicular centre. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium-size thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Some septa of the first cycle are rarely attached to the columella. Costae present, confluent, with granulae on their surface. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca consists of thin tabulae. Wall subcompact, paraseptothecal. Coenosteum broad (approx. 75% c), consists of costae. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The specimen cannot be compared to any existing species because of its large dimensions.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5875).
Superfamily Montlivaltioidea Felix, 1900
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Faviina that is poorly defined as explained above.
Family Lasmogyridae Vaughan & Wells, 1943
Silingastraea Liao, 1982
Type species: Silingastraea xainzaensis Liao, 1982, by original designation.
Silingastraea japonica (Eguchi, 1951)
(Pl. 16 , figs. 4-5)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5887; 1 thin section.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1951 | Placocoenia japonica Eguchi, p. 27, Pl. 4, figs. 3-5 |
| v | 1982 | Silingastraea xainzaensis Liao (gen. et sp. nov.) - Liao, p. 173, Pl. 21, figs. 1-2; Pl. 22, fig. 1 |
| v | 1994 | Silingastraea xainzaensis Liao - Liao & Xia, p. 170, 234, Pl. 49, figs. 1-2; Pl. 50, figs. 6-7 |
Dimensions:
| (5887) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cmin | 6 | 10.05-12.57 | 10.69 | 0.97 | 9.1 | 9.72-11.67 |
| cmax | 6 | 11.05-13.07 | 12.12 | 0.84 | 6.9 | 11.27-12.96 |
| ccd | 7 | 10.31-12.97 | 11.72 | 0.92 | 7.8 | 10.80-12.65 |
| s | 4 | 25-29 | 27.0 | 1.82 | 6.7 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but two size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. First septal generation reaches 35% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later generations are shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face and inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Septa are not attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca unknown. Wall absent. Coenosteum narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5887).
Other occurrences: Aptian of China (Xizang [= Tibet] Autonomous Region) Rutog county, Risum district, Jaggang, Qiekan. Uppermost Aptian of Japan (Iwate-ken) Shimohei-gun, Iwaizumi-cho, Moshi, Matsushima.
Silingastraea shimoheiensis (Eguchi, 1951)
(Pl. 14 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5828, 5853, 5898; 3 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1951 | Thigmastrea ? shimoheiensis Eguchi, p. 14, Pl. 4, figs. 1-2 |
Dimensions:
| (5828) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 3.85-4.99 | 4.40 | 0.32 | 7.3 | 4.08-4.73 |
| clmax | 20 | 4.00-6.27 | 4.78 | 0.53 | 11.1 | 4.25-5.31 |
| ccd | 25 | 6.14-8.19 | 7.17 | 0.57 | 7.9 | 6.59-7.73 |
| s | 10 | 21-28 | 24.20 | 2.52 | 10.4 | 22-27 |
| sd | 4/3mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but three size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. First septal generation reaches 35% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later generations are shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face smooth, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Some septa are attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, strong. Endotheca consists of numerous and regular tabulae. Wall absent. Coenosteum narrow, consists of costae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5828, 5853, 5898).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova (MB K624). Uppermost Aptian of Japan (Iwate-ken) Shimohei-gun, Taro-cho, Todana.
Silingastraea sp. 1
(Pl. 14 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5815; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5815) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cmin | 7 | 9.27-11.06 | 10.20 | 0.72 | 7.0 | 9.48-10.93 |
| cmax | 6 | 10.66-13.03 | 11.75 | 0.92 | 7.8 | 10.82-12.67 |
| ccd | 6 | 9.57-11.26 | 10.49 | 0.64 | 6.1 | 9.85-11.13 |
| s | 24 | |||||
| sd | 6/5mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. First septal generation reaches 35% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later generations are shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face and inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Some septa are attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca consists of numerous subregular tabulae. Wall absent. Coenosteum narrow, consists of costae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5815).
Silingastraea sp. 2
(Pl. 14 , figs. 10-12)
Material:
BSPG 2003 XX 5831, 5844; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2010 | Lamnastrea sp. - Löser, Castro & Nieto, p. 321, Figs. 3.7-9 |
| v | 2015 | Silingastraea shimoheiensis (Eguchi, 1951) - Löser, Arias & Vilas, p. 50, Fig. 4.g-i |
Dimensions:
| (5844) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 9 | 4.45-6.79 | 5.83 | 0.78 | 13.4 | 5.04-6.61 |
| clmax | 9 | 6.28-9.40 | 8.13 | 1.02 | 12.5 | 7.11-9.15 |
| ccd | 10 | 7.25-8.96 | 8.27 | 0.60 | 7.2 | 7.67-8.87 |
| s | 5 | 21-35 | 30.4 | 5.41 | 17.8 | 25-36 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Microstructure of large trabeculae. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but three size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. First septal generation reaches 35% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later generations are shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin and lateral face unknown, inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Some septa rarely attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, rather strong. Endotheca consists of numerous and regular tabulae. Wall absent. Coenosteum medium broad, consists of costae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5831, 5844).
Other occurrences: Lower to Middle Albian of Spain (Valencia, Alicante) Sierra de Seguili. Upper Albian of Spain (Murcia) Jumilla, Sierra del Carche.
Silingastraea sp. 3
(Pl. 15 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5824, 5886; 3 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5824) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cl | 11 | 6.404-8.837 | 7.564 | 0.858 | 11.3 | 6.70-8.42 |
| ccd | 10 | 10.880-13.784 | 12.194 | 0.950 | 7.7 | 11.24-13.14 |
| s | 24-30 | |||||
| (5886) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cmin | 4 | 10.109-11.899 | 11.235 | 0.796 | 7.0 | 10.43-12.03 |
| ccd | 6 | 10.398-12.639 | 11.742 | 0.740 | 6.3 | 11.00-12.48 |
| sy | 8 | |||||
| s | 32 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact. Septa in cross section thicker close to the wall, becoming thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. First septal generation reaches 35% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later generations are shorter. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face and inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Some septa are rarely attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent or sub-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, thin. Endotheca consists of numerous tabulae. Wall absent. Coenosteum narrow, consists of costae and tabulae. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5824); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5886).
Family Montlivaltiidae Felix, 1900
Complexastrea Orbigny, 1849
Type species: Confusastrea subburgundiae Orbigny, 1850, by monotypy.
Complexastrea sp.
(Pl. 15 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5936; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2012 | Complexastrea sp. - Bover Arnal et al., p. 56, Fig. 10.P |
Dimensions:
| (5936) | |
| ccd | 11-13mm |
| s | 60 |
| sd | 11/10mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but two size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin smooth. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of numerous small dissepiments. Coenosteum narrow (approx. 20% c), consists of costae and exothecal dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A (BSPG 2003 XX 5936).
Other occurrences: Lower Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) Tehuacán, La Compańía (UNAM-FI CIA-40/1). Upper Aptian (Martinoides zone) of Spain (Aragón, Teruel) Mun. Miravete de la Sierra, Com. Maestrazgo, Barranco de las Corralizas. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 161).
Thecosmilia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
Type species: Lithodendron trichotoma Goldfuss, 1826, by monotypy.
Thecosmilia densa Fromentel, 1870
(Pl. 15 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5842; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1870 | Thecosmilia densa Fromentel, p. 411, Pl. 92, fig. 3 |
| v | 1897 | Thecosmilia Tobleri - Koby, p. 38, Pl. 13, figs. 1-4 |
| v | 1974 | Thecosmilia trichotoma (Goldfuss) - Morycowa, p. 467, Fig. 5, Pl. 5, fig. 2; Pl. 10, fig. 1 |
Dimensions:
| (5842) | |
| c | 15-18 |
| cl | 10-16 |
| ccd | 17-23 |
| s | 60-80 |
| sdc | 3/2mm |
Description: Phaceloid colony. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact, in cross section centrally thicker. Symmetry of septa irregularly radial. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa occasionally connected, only by means of dissepiments. Pali absent. Costae present. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of thin tabulae. Budding unknown.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5842).
Other occurrences: Lower Upper Tithon of Poland (Malopolskie, Wadowice) Wadowice, Wozniki. Berriasian of Switzerland (Nidwalden) Urirothstock massif, Bannalp. Lower Hauterivian (Radiatus zone) of France (Haute-Marne) Morancourt. Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova (BSPG 2003 XX 5545).
Superfamily Phyllosmilioidea Felix, 1903
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Meandrinina. The characteristics of the name-giving genus Meandrina do not correspond to that ascribed to the suborder as explained above.
Family Phyllosmiliidae Felix, 1903
Aulosmilia Alloiteau, 1952
Type species: Trochosmilia archiaci Fromentel, 1863, by original designation.
Aulosmilia sp.
(Pl. 15 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5967, 7441; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5967) | |
| c | 14x25mm |
| s | 48 |
| (7441) | |
| c | 16x28mm |
| s | 48 |
| sdc | 6/5mm |
Description: Solitary turbinate coral. Calicular outline elliptical, pit depressed. Septa compact. Microstructure of small-sized trabeculae, septa with a median dark zigzag line. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation), inner margin T-shaped, swollen or bent. Pali absent. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present but short, smooth on their surface. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, discontinuous, very deep in the corallite. Endotheca consists of a few dissepiments. Wall compact, paraseptothecal. Epitheca present.
Remarks: The specimens differ from all other known species by their low number of septa. They may be juvenile specimens. A columella is present, but it is very deep in the corallite. In 2003 XX 7441, the septa are regularly bent at the inner margin.
Occurrence: Beds A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7441); C5 (BSPG 2003 XX 5967).
Other occurrences: Uppermost Cenomanian (Juddi zone) of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Sougraigne, Prat-Périé (BSPG 2011 XXVI 25).
Diplocteniopsis Zlatarski, 1968
Type species: Diplocteniopsis curvicalix Zlatarski, 1968, by original designation.
Diplocteniopsis sp.
(Pl. 16 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5938, 7436; 5 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5938) | |
| c | 11x55 |
| s | 150 |
| sd | 7/5mm |
| (7436) | |
| c | 11x26.4 |
| s | 95 |
| sd | 8/5mm |
Description: Solitary flabelloid coral. Calicular outline elongated. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but two size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles (generations) differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal lateral face with thorns, inner margin T-shaped or swollen. Pali absent. Costae present but short. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, vertically discontinuous. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall subcompact, parathecal.
Remarks: Diplocteniopsis is one of the oldest members of the Phyllosmiliidae. The family Diplocteniopsidae Zlatarski, 1968, is considered synonymous with the Phyllosmiliidae. The Diplocteniopsidae do not belong to the Faviina suborder (Astraeoida auctt.) as proposed by Zlatarski (1968) because the material has small trabeculae. Diplocteniopsis was originally described from the Aptian of Bulgaria. Later, the locality turned out to be latest Barremian in age (B. Kolodziej, pers. comm.). The present material extends the range of the genus into the Lower Cenomanian.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 7436).
Elasmophyllia Fromentel, 1873
Type species: Thecosmilia deformis Reuss, 1854, by subsequent monotypy.
Elasmophyllia sp.
(Pl. 16 , figs. 6-7)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5961; 4 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5961) | |
| crw | 8-9mm |
| ccd | 7-8mm |
| s | 12-14 |
| sd | 6/5mm |
Description: Flabelloid colony. Calicular pit depressed. Corallites distinct. Septa compact. Microstructure of small-sized trabeculae, septa with a median dark line. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa irregular, but three size orders can be distinguished. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa of younger generations rarely connected to the septa of preceding ones. Septal lateral face with thorns, inner margin T-shaped in places. Pali absent. Costae present but short. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall absent. Budding intracalicinal.
Remarks: The specimen marks the first occurrence of the genus.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5961).
Hydnophoropsis Söhle, 1899
Type species: Hydnophoropsis thecalis Söhle, 1899, by monotypy.
Hydnophoropsis sp. 1
(Pl. 16 , figs. 8-10)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5836; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013c | Hydnophoropsis sp. 4 - Löser, p. 33, Pl. 4, figs. 7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (5836) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 2.96-3.79 | 3.44 | 0.22 | 6.5 | 3.22-3.67 |
| clmax | 20 | 3.26-4.88 | 4.14 | 0.47 | 11.4 | 3.66-4.62 |
| ccd | 30 | 4.59-7.98 | 6.40 | 1.05 | 16.4 | 5.34-7.45 |
| s | 10 | 23-30 | 24.60 | 1.95 | 7.9 | 23-27 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to elliptical. Septa compact. Microstructure of septa unknown. Septa (and costae) in cross section in the wall thick, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. First septal cycle reaches 40% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later cycles are shorter. Septa of the first cycle occasionally connected to each other in the centre of the corallite. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium size thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Some septa of the first cycle are rarely attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent, with trabecular extensions. Synapticulae absent. Columella small, lamellar. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum medium broad, consists of costae, trabecular extensions and exothecal dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5836).
Hydnophoropsis sp. 2
(Pl. 17 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5882; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013c | Hydnophoropsis sp. 2 - Löser, p. 32, Pl. 4, figs. 4-6 |
Dimensions:
| (5882) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 12 | 4.40-5.41 | 4.91 | 0.34 | 6.9 | 4.57-5.25 |
| clmax | 7 | 3.51-6.17 | 5.01 | 0.91 | 18.3 | 4.10-5.93 |
| ccd | 17 | 5.75-10.03 | 7.89 | 1.44 | 18.2 | 6.45-9.33 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to elliptical. Septa compact. Microstructure of septa unknown. Septa (and costae) in cross section in the wall thick, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. First septal cycle reaches 40% of the (shorter) calicular diameter, later cycles are shorter. Septa of the first cycle rarely connected to each other in the centre of the corallite. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face occasionally with medium size thorns, inner margin slightly swollen in places. Pali absent. Some septa of the first cycle are rarely attached to the columella. Costae present, non-confluent, with trabecular extensions. Synapticulae absent. Columella thin, lamellar. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum broad, consists of costae, trabecular extensions and exothecal dissepiments. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed C8 (BSPG 2003 XX 5882).
Pachygyra Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
Type species: Lobophyllia labyrinthica Michelin, 1847, by monotypy.
Pachygyra sp.
(Pl. 17 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 7442; 4 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (7442) | |
| crw | 2.4-3.0 |
| sd | 6/2mm |
Description: Meandroid colony. Calicular centres slightly depressed, margins very elevated, rows long and curved. Corallites indistinct. No neighbouring corallites in one row. Valley septa absent. Septa compact, in cross section close to the wall thick, thinner towards the centre, first generation disproportionately thicker than other generations. Symmetry of septa irregular. Cycles of septa irregular, but size orders can be distinguished. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin smooth (probably due to preservation), lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin T-shaped. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar. Endotheca consists of numerous dissepiments. Wall compact, septothecal. Collines depressed. Coenosteum medium broad (approx. 50% c), consists of costae and exothecal dissepiments. Budding intracalicinal.
Remarks: Pachygyra bellula has comparable dimensions but differs by a higher density of septa. The present specimen is poorly preserved.
Occurrence: Bed B (BSPG 2003 XX 7442).
Phyllosmilia Fromentel, 1862
Type species: Turbinolia basochesi Defrance, 1828, subsequent designation by Felix (1925).
Phyllosmilia cf. basochesi (Defrance, 1828)
(Pl. 17 , figs. 7-10)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5952, 7433, 7434, 7435, 7437, 7472; 8 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (7432) | |
| c | 6.6x26.4 |
| s | ca. 160 |
| sd | 6/2mm |
| (7433) | |
| c | 6.3x27.3 |
| s | ca. 160 |
| sd | 6/2mm |
| (7437) | |
| c | 6.1x29.7 |
| s | ca. 180 |
| sd | 6/2mm |
Description: Solitary flabelloid coral. Calicular outline very elongated, pit depressed. Septa compact. Septa in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial but systems are not recognizable. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal generations differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns, inner margin swollen. Pali absent. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present but short, with granulae on their surface. Synapticulae absent. Columella lamellar, discontinuous. Endotheca absent. Wall compact, septothecal.
Remarks: The material differs from Ph. basochesi by a much higher density of septa.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5952, 7433, 7434, 7435, 7437, 7472).
Other occurrences: Santonian of Austria (Oberösterreich) Gosau basin (MNHN nn); France (Bouches-du-Rhône) Marseille (GPSL FLX 8033). Upper Santonian of France (Bouches-du-Rhône) Marseille, Figuičre (MNHN nn). Lower Upper Campanian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Pallars Jussŕ, Mun. Pallars Jussŕ, Pobla de Segur, Torallola, south of (MB K1148#1).
Superfamily Stylinoidea Orbigny, 1851
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborders Rhipidogyrina Roniewicz, 1976, and Stylinina Alloiteau, 1952. The suborder Rhipidogyrina is well defined but considered synonymous with the suborder Stylinina. The suborder Stylinina is based on the conceptual genus Stylina Lamarck, 1816; type material of the type species is not available.
Family Aulastraeoporidae Alloiteau, 1957
Apoplacophyllia Morycowa & Marcopoulou-Diacantoni, 2002
Type species: Apoplacophyllia hackemesseri Morycowa & Marcopoulou-Diacantoni, 2002, by original designation.
Apoplacophyllia sp.
(Pl. 18 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5935; 2 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5935) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 17 | 2.46-4.87 | 3.40 | 0.77 | 22.7 | 2.62-4.17 |
| clmax | 17 | 3.09-4.97 | 3.89 | 0.56 | 14.5 | 3.33-4.46 |
| cmin | 17 | 3.53-6.12 | 4.53 | 0.75 | 16.7 | 3.78-5.29 |
| cmax | 17 | 3.91-6.32 | 5.12 | 0.63 | 12.3 | 4.49-5.75 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Phaceloid colony. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, in cross section externally thick, thinner toward the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with fine thorns, inner margin with auriculae in places, branched or swollen. Pali absent. Costae present but short. Synapticulae and columella absent. Endotheca consists of central tabulae and lateral large dissepiments. Wall and coenosteum absent. Budding unknown.
Occurrence: Bed C8 (BSPG 2003 XX 5935).
Aulastraeopora Prever, 1909
Type species:
Aulastraeopora deangelisi Prever, 1909, by subsequent designation in Wells (1936).
Aulastraeopora harrisi (Wells, 1932)
(Pl. 13 , fig. 9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5940; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1932 | Blothrocyathus harrisi Wells, p. 242, Pl. 30, figs. 6, 6.a, 7; Pl. 31, figs. 3-4 |
| v | 2013 | Aulastraeopora harrisi (Wells, 1932) - Löser, Castro & Nieto, p. 28, Pl. 9, fig. 7 [= detailed synonymy here] |
Dimensions:
| (5940) | |
| c | 18x22 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Solitary cylindric coral. Calicular outline elliptical. Septa compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and regularly hexameral. Cycles of septa regular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face smooth (probably due to preservation). Pali, costae, synapticulae, and columella absent. Endotheca consists of central tabulae and lateral large dissepiments. Wall compact, has the same structure as septa.
Occurrence: Bed C1 (BSPG 2003 XX 5940).
Other occurrences: Upper Barremian to Lower Aptian (Lenticularis zone) of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Ures, Cerro de Oro (ERNO L-4499). Aptian of Mexico (Puebla) San Juan Raya (IGM 9206). Lower Aptian of Greece (Viotía) Arachova; Italy (Abruzzi, L'Aquila) Monti d'Ocre, Fossa Agnese (BSPG 2003 XX 5400); Monti d'Ocre, Margine N di Fossa Mezza Spada. Upper Aptian of Spain (Valencia) Chera, Pico Ropé (BSPG 2014 XVIII 4). Albian of China (Xizang [= Tibet] Autonomous Region) Gerze county, Dongco district, Lopu, Xiakangjiang. Lowermost Albian (Tardefurcata zone) of Spain (Cataluńa, Tarragona) Com. Baix Penedés, Mun. Olivella, Can Grau (MV 12872); USA (Texas) Hays County, Blanco River, Pleasant Valley Crossing. Lower Albian of Mexico (Baja California) Santo Tomás, Arroyo de la Cueva (ERNO L-1347052); Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Arizpe, Arizpe, Cerro La Ceja (ERNO L-4264); Municipio Cucurpe, Cucurpe, La Mesa (ERNO L-4289); Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina (ERNO L-4252). Upper Lower Albian (Mammillatum zone) of France (Aude) Padern, SE Le Crčs, 1.45 km WWS Padern. Lower Upper Albian (Inflatum zone) of Spain (Valencia, Alicante) Sierra de Llorençá. Cenomanian of Greece (Fokída) Kiona massif, Panourgias [= Dremisa] (BSPG 2003 XX 5905).
Aulastraeopora schnauzeae Löser, 1998
(Pl. 18 , figs. 4-6)
Material: SNSD-MMG GrK2; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 1936 | cf. Montlivaultia pauciradiata From./Dasmiopsis Opp. - Hackemesser, p. 34 |
| *v | 1998 | Aulastraeopora schnauzeae Löser, p. 66, Pl. 1, figs. 3-4; Pl. 2, figs. 1-2; Pl. 3, fig. 2 |
Dimensions:
| (SNSD-MMG GrK2) | |
| h | 105 |
| c | 85 |
| cn | 37 |
| sy | 4 |
| s | 16 |
| sap | 256 |
Remarks: The species was described in detail in Löser (1998). The position of the species within the genus Aulastraeopora is preliminary. This genus does not have such thick septa.
Occurrence: Bed A (SNSD-MMG GrK2).
Other occurrences: Cenomanian of Greece (Fokída) Kiona massif, Panourgias [= Dremisa].
Preverastraea L. Beauvais, 1976
Type species: Aulastraeopora chelussii Prever, 1909, by original designation.
Preverastraea infundibuliformis (Wells, 1932)
(Pl. 18 , figs. 10-12)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 6170; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1932 | Connectastrea (?) infundibuliformis Wells, p. 236, Pl. 33, figs. 6-7 |
| v | 2007 | Preverastraea sp. - Löser, p. 13, Pl. 3, figs. 7-8 |
Dimensions:
| (6170) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 45 | 2.90-5.48 | 4.24 | 0.68 | 16.0 | 3.56-4.92 |
| cn | 20 | 1.94-2.55 | 2.21 | 0.18 | 8.5 | 2.02-2.40 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, in cross section equal in thickness in the whole septum. Symmetry of septa regular hexameral. Septal generations differ in length. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown. Pali, and synapticulae absent. Costae short. Columella absent. Endotheca consists of tabulae and dissepiments. The incomplete wall has the same structure as the septa. Coenosteum narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The only specimen is poorly preserved.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 6170).
Other occurrences: Lower Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio Arizpe, Arizpe, Cerro La Ceja (ERNO L-4273); Municipio Opodepe, Tuape, Cerro de la Espina (ERNO L-4235). Middle Albian (Dentatus zone) of USA (Texas) Comal County, New Braunfels-Crane's Mill road.
Preverastraea aff. stellata (Stoliczka, 1873)
(Pl. 18 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5839; 7 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5839) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| ccd | 25 | 4.07-7.67 | 5.76 | 1.07 | 18.5 | 4.69-6.83 |
| s | 10 | 10-16 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 14.9 | 11.5-15.5 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular. Septa compact, in cross section equal in thickness in the whole septum. Symmetry of septa irregular. No regular septal generations. Septal generations do not differ. Septa not connected to each other. Septal distal margin unknown. Pali, and synapticulae absent. Costae short. Columella absent. Endotheca consists of tabulae and dissepiments. The incomplete wall has the same structure as the septa. Coenosteum narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The taxonomic position of this specimen is unsure. It is closest to the type specimen of Mycetophyllia stellata Stoliczka, 1871, but differs in much smaller dimensions (ccd 10-12 in the holotype of Mycetophyllia stellata) and a slightly higher number of septa (6-8 in the type). Also, the assignation to Preverastraea is tentative. The only specimen is not well preserved and although many thin sections were prepared, the complex morphology could not be completely recognised.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5839).
Superfamily Stylophoroidea Milne Edwards, 1857
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Astrocoeniina Vaughan & Wells, 1943.
Family Stylophoridae Milne Edwards, 1857
Stephanomorpha Vaughan, 1900
Type species: Stephanocoenia monticuliformis Vaughan, 1900, by original designation.
Stephanomorpha ? sp.
(Pl. 19 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5822, 5861; 6 thin sections.
Dimensions:
| (5822) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 35 | 1.39-2.04 | 1.72 | 0.15 | 9.2 | 1.56-1.88 |
| clmax | 35 | 1.79-2.38 | 2.07 | 0.15 | 7.4 | 1.91-2.22 |
| ccd | 40 | 1.75-3.06 | 2.36 | 0.29 | 12.4 | 2.07-2.65 |
| s | 24 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to elliptical, centres depressed. Septa compact, (and costae) in cross section in the wall thick, thinner toward the centre. Microstructure of small trabeculae, marked by a dark line. Symmetry of septa radial and hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length and thickness. Septa of the third cycle in plaves attached to those of the second cycle, septa of older cycles often connected to each other in the centre of the corallite. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with few thorns. Pali probably present. Some septa may be attached to the columella. Costae present, thick, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae absent. Columella styliform to lamellar. Endotheca consists of tabulae. Wall compact, septothecal. Coenosteum very narrow (approx. 10% c), consists of costae. Budding extracalicinal.
Remarks: The generic assignment is tentative. No fine septal structures of Stephanomorpha are known.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5822, 5861).
Superfamily Thamnasterioidea Reuss, 1864
Remarks: The families of this superfamily were formerly assigned to the suborder Fungiina Verrill, 1865, but differ in many aspects from the name-giving genus Fungia.
Family Siderastraeidae Vaughan & Wells, 1943
Eosiderastrea Löser, 2016
Type species: Siderastrea cuyleri Wells, 1932, by original designation.
Eosiderastrea grandipora (Orbigny, 1850)
(Pl. 19 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5900; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1850 | Stephanocoenia grandipora Orbigny, (2), p. 182 |
| 1851 | Stephanocoenia grandipora - Milne Edwards & Haime, p. 66 | |
| 1857 | Stephanocoenia grandipora - Milne Edwards, (2), p. 269 | |
| 1884 | Stephanocoenia Grandipora - Fromentel, p. 538 | |
| vp | 1994 | Baryphyllia haimei Fromentel, 1857 - Löser, p. 38, Figs. 26-27, Pl. 8, fig. 1; Pl. 12, figs. 10-11 |
| v | 2016b | Eosiderastrea grandipora (Orbigny, 1850) - Löser, p. 391, Pl. 3, figs. 1-2 |
Dimensions:
| (5900) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| cmin | 14 | 5.77-7.37 | 6.67 | 0.54 | 8.1 | 6.13-7.22 |
| cmax | 12 | 7.41-11.82 | 9.28 | 1.29 | 13.9 | 7.99-10.57 |
| ccd | 20 | 6.23-9.27 | 7.62 | 0.92 | 12.0 | 6.70-8.55 |
| s | 5 | 50-61 | 53.80 | 4.26 | 7.9 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular to polygonal. Septa compact, in cross section externally thick, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the fourth cycle often attached to those of the third cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common. Columella by septal fusion. Endotheca consists of numerous thin tabulae. Wall absent. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5900).
Other occurrences: Middle Albian (Lautus zone) of USA (Texas) Bell County, Santa Fe Railroad quarry. Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg. Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Ile d'Aix. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 199).
Eosiderastrea paragrandipora Löser, 2016
(Pl. 19 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5812, 5868; 4 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| vp | 1994 | Baryphyllia haimei Fromentel, 1857 - Löser, p. 38, Figs. 26-27, Pl. 8, fig. 1; Pl. 12, figs. 10-11 |
| *v | 2016b | Eosiderastrea paragrandipora Löser, p. 393, Pl. 4, figs. 7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (5812) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 10 | 3.81-4.64 | 4.20 | 0.29 | 7.0 | 3.90-4.49 |
| clmax | 20 | 3.86-5.70 | 4.60 | 0.48 | 10.5 | 4.11-5.09 |
| c min | 15 | 4.66-6.21 | 5.50 | 0.43 | 7.9 | 5.06-5.94 |
| ccd | 20 | 3.92-6.91 | 5.40 | 0.86 | 16.0 | 4.53-6.27 |
| s | 7 | 42-44 | 42.85 | 0.69 | 1.6 |
Description: Astreoid-cerioid colony. Calicular outline circular to polygonal. Septa with few perforations, in cross section externally thicker, slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly hexameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the fourth cycle often attached to those of the third cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae hardly present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common. Columella small, by septal fusion. Endotheca consists of numerous thin tabulae. Wall present, subcompact, made by synapticulae. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5812, 5868).
Other occurrences: Lower Cenomanian (Mantelli zone) of Germany (Nordrhein/Westfalen) Mülheim/Ruhr, Kassenberg. Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 329). Uppermost Cenomanian (Juddi zone) of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Sougraigne, Prat-Périé (BSPG 2011 XXVI 46).
Eosiderastrea sp. 1
(Pl. 20 , figs. 1-3)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5829; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013 | Diploastrea ? sp. - Löser, Werner & Darga, p. 48, Pl. 1, figs. 5-6 |
| v | 2016b | Eosiderastrea sp. 5 - Löser, p. 397, Pl. 7, figs. 1-3 |
Dimensions:
| (5829) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| c min | 6 | 5.82-7.82 | 6.77 | 0.86 | 12.8 | 5.90-7.64 |
| c max | 6 | 6.28-11.48 | 8.39 | 1.86 | 22.2 | 6.52-10.25 |
| ccd | 12 | 6.05-8.37 | 7.09 | 0.84 | 11.9 | 6.24-7.93 |
| s | 5 | 51-63 | 57.80 | 5.80 | 10.0 | |
| sd | 14/5mm |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular to polygonal. Septa with few perforations, septa in cross section externally thicker, slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly decameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the fourth cycle in places attached to those of the third cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae hardly present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common. Columella small, by septal fusion. Endotheca absent. Wall present, subcompact, made by synapticulae. Coenosteum absent. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5829).
Other occurrences: Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen.
Eosiderastrea sp. 2
(Pl. 20 , figs. 4-6)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5846; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| v | 2016b | Eosiderastrea sp. 4 - Löser, p. 396, Pl. 6, figs. 10-12 |
Dimensions:
| (5846) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 20 | 3.80-5.55 | 4.77 | 0.44 | 9.3 | 4.32-5.21 |
| clmax | 15 | 4.99-6.43 | 5.62 | 0.37 | 6.6 | 5.24-5.99 |
| c min | 15 | 5.91-8.04 | 6.96 | 0.64 | 9.2 | 6.32-7.61 |
| c max | 15 | 7.08-8.84 | 8.07 | 0.50 | 6.2 | 7.57-8.58 |
| ccd | 20 | 5.11-7.71 | 6.55 | 0.85 | 12.9 | 5.70-7.40 |
| s | 12 | 39-47 | 41.83 | 2.40 | 5.7 | 39-44 |
| sdc | 4/2mm |
Description: Astreoid-plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular. Septa with few pores, in cross section externally thick, thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly decameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the third cycle in places attached to those of the second cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae present, non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common. Columella by septal fusion. Endotheca consists of numerous thin tabulae. Wall almost not present, in the wall region some more synapticulae can be observed. Coenosteum very narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5846).
Other occurrences: Uppermost Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Coll de Nargó, Set Comelles, El Caso section (BSPG 2003 XX 4027). Middle Albian of Mexico (Sonora) Municipio San Pedro de la Cueva, Tepache, Lampazos area, Espinazo de Diablo (ERNO L-130206). Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Fouras (ERNO L-5601). Uppermost Cenomanian (Juddi zone) of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Col de Escudiés (UPS HL 025).
Eosiderastrea stefani Löser, 2016
(Pl. 19 , figs. 10-11)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 6145; 1 thin section.
Synonymy:
| v | 2013 | Diploastrea ? tanohataensis (Eguchi, 1951) - Löser, Werner & Darga, p. 46, Pl. 2, figs. 7-9 |
| v | 2015 | "Diploastrea" tanohataensis (Eguchi, 1951) - Löser, p. 281, Fig. B |
| *v | 2016b | Eosiderastrea stefani Löser, p. 394, Pl. 2, figs. 7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (6145) | n |
| clmax | 3.5-5.4 |
| clmin | 5.1-6.0 |
| ccd | 4.7-6.5 |
| s | 45 |
Description: Astreoid colony. Calicular outline circular to polygonal. Septa with few perforations, in cross section externally thicker, slightly thinner towards the centre. Symmetry of septa radial and irregularly decameral. Cycles of septa subregular. Septal cycles differ in length, but hardly at all in thickness. Septa of the fourth third often attached to those of the second cycle. Septal distal margin unknown, lateral face with numerous fine thorns. Pali absent. Costae present, sub-confluent to non-confluent. Synapticulae present, fairly common. Columella by septal fusion. Endotheca unknown. Wall absent. Coenosteum very narrow. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 6145).
Other occurrences: Lower Cretaceous of Israel, Mulergat Well (NHM R43455). Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Fouras (ERNO L-5614). Lower Cenomanian (Dixoni zone) of Spain (Cantabria, Santander) Cobreces, Luańa playa (BSPG 2007 V 061). Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen. Middle to Upper Cenomanian (Rhotomagense - Naviculare zone) of France (Sarthe) Le Mans.
Order Helioporacea Bock, 1938
Family Helioporidae Moseley, 1876
Heliopora Blainville, 1830
Type species: Millepora coerulae Pallas, 1766.
Heliopora radiata (Orbigny, 1850)
(Pl. 20 , figs. 7-9)
Material: BSPG 2003 XX 5821; 2 thin sections.
Synonymy:
| *v | 1850 | Centrastrea radiata Orbigny, (2), p. 207 |
| v | 1873 | Heliopora Edwardsana, Stoliczka - Stoliczka, p. 53, Pl. 11, fig. 11 |
| v | 2000 | Polytremacis blainvilleana (Michelin, 1841) - Baron-Szabo, p. 128, Pl. 13, figs. 3-4 |
| v | 2013 | Polytremacis vermiculata (Felix, 1903) - Löser, Werner & Darga, p. 67, Pl. 10, figs. 7-9 |
Dimensions:
| (5821) | n | min-max | µ | s | v | µ±s |
| clmin | 50 | 0.91-1.27 | 1.10 | 0.08 | 8.1 | 1.01-1.19 |
| clmax | 50 | 0.98-1.44 | 1.18 | 0.11 | 9.6 | 1.06-1.29 |
| ccd | 50 | 1.48-2.69 | 2.09 | 0.317 | 15.1 | 1.77-2.40 |
| s | 25 | 16-22 | 19.56 | 1.68 | 8.6 | 18-21 |
| tb | 6-9/25mm2 |
Description: Plocoid colony. Calicular outline circular to slightly elliptical, centres depressed. Pseudosepta compact, in cross section slightly thicker close to the wall, becoming slightly thinner toward the centre. No septal symmetry, or regular septal generations. Inner margin of pseudosepta smooth. Pali absent. Endotheca consists of few tabulae. Wall compact. Coenosteum broad, consists of tubes. Budding extracalicinal.
Occurrence: Bed A5-12 (BSPG 2003 XX 5821).
Other occurrences: Uppermost Aptian of Spain (Cataluńa, Lérida) Com. Alt Urgell, Mun. Coll de Nargó, Set Comelles, El Caso section (BSPG 2003 XX 4105). Upper Albian of India (Tamil Nadu [= Madras]) Karai [=Kauray], east of. Lower Cenomanian of France (Charente-Maritime) Chateauneuf-sur-Charente (MNHN nn); Fouras (BSPG 2003 XX 1707); Ile d'Aix (MNHN nn). Middle Cenomanian of Germany (Bayern) Roßstein-Almen. Upper Coniacian of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Soulatge. Santonian of Austria (Salzburg) Rußbach, Randobach (MHE A0968); Rußbach, Zimmergraben (MHE A0745). Upper Santonian of France (Aude) Les Corbičres, Sougraigne, La Jouane (MNHN nn). Maastrichtian of United Arab Emirates (Al Ain) Al Madam, Buhays Mt, east face of northern hill.
The corals are unequally distributed in the section (Table 1). The diversity is low in the lower part of the clastic section A (A1-A4), very high in the middle part of section A (A5-A12), and relatively low in the carbonatic part of the section (section C). The latter is probably due to sample bias; it was difficult to obtain specimens from the harder and more compact limestones, and the state of preservation of the corals is slightly better in the lower clastic part. Nevertheless, field observations have shown that the faunal diversity in the carbonatic part of the section is lower. The lower clastic part represents a higher number of taxa. However, an original faunal composition cannot be claimed for this part of the section; it is possible that the corals of this part were brought together from a wider area by transport processes.
The correlation of the various beds based on their coral content (Fig.
8 )
shows three major groups. Bed A4 (yellow area in Fig.
8 ) is very poor in species and therefore shows low correlation with the other beds. Beds of the short sections B and D, and samples of section A that cannot be assigned to any bed (green area in
Fig.
8 ) are also low in species. Beds
A5-A12 exhibit the richest coral fauna of the section which shows a positive correlation with the limestone complex (C; blue area) that follows upwards. In complex C, coral distribution gradually changed with the beds.
A more detailed taxonomic differentiation within the section is not possible because there are very few species that do not occur in beds A5-A12, and their absence in higher beds of the section may also be a result of sample or conservation bias. It also has to be noted that total diversity is relatively high; about 160 specimens resulted in 78 species - clearly a very low number of specimens per species. Whereas a few species (Aspidiscus cristatus, Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 1, Cryptocoenia sp., Eocolumastrea gortanii, Heterocoenia distans, Negoporites spissus, Trochophyllia sp., Phyllosmilia cf. basochesi, Plesiolites winnii, Synastrea sp.) are represented by more than three specimens, the remaining species are mostly represented by only one (43 species), two (15 species) or three specimens (10 species). Of course, more than 300 specimens were collected, but many of them were poorly preserved and did not allow specific assignment.
|
Figure
8:
Correlation of the various beds with corals based on the coral taxonomy. The Correlation Ratio coefficient was
applied. |
Superfamilies are not a very good measure for comparing the faunal composition, because they encompass different numbers of genera (for instance, the Cyclolitoidea have far more genera than the Stylinoidea). The overall distribution patterns in the present fauna
(Fig. 9 ) compare well to
upper Lower Cretaceous coral faunas.
The superfamilies Cyclolitoidea, Eugyroidea, and Heterocoenioidea are very rich in species and together they constitute almost half of all coral species. All three are superfamilies that can be found in the entire Cretaceous, with the exception of the Eugyroidea, which has far more genera in the Lower Cretaceous. The next species-rich superfamilies, Montlivaltioidea (family Lasmogyridae) and Phyllosmilioidea with almost 20% of all species, are more diverse in the Upper Cretaceous. The remaining ten superfamilies comprise the remaining 35% of species.
According to Löser (2016c), 20 superfamilies occur in the Lower Cenomanian and 14 of these are indicated in the study area. For the superfamily Felixaraeoidea, the range could be extended, even if the systematic position of the genus Kozaniastrea is preliminary.
|
Figure
9:
Species distribution in superfamilies for the study area. |
A comparison of palaeobiogeographic units for the time span Albian to Cenomanian
(Fig. 10 ) of the 53 species from the study area that were also indicated in other areas, seems to be very difficult. Although the overall number of shared species is high, the number of species shared with other faunules is relatively low. Except for the
Upper Aptian to Lower Albian coral fauna from the Bisbee Basin (see below), the highest number (9) is represented by the faunas of the
Basque-Cantabrian Basin at the Cantabrian coast (Wilmsen,
1997; the coral fauna is under investigation) and by faunas of the Aquitanian Basin at the Atlantic coast mainly in the French department
Charente-Maritime (Beltremieux, 1866; the fauna is unrevised). The next most closely related faunules are the Boreal faunula from the Saxon Cretaceous Basin (Löser,
2014b) and the transitional fauna of the Bohemian Basin (Eliášová,
2004, and publications cited within), and the Late Albian faunula of the Prebetic zone (Löser, Castro & Nieto,
2013). These faunules are grouped in one cluster
(Fig. 10 , light green area). Another small cluster
(Fig. 10 , yellow area) is represented by the North Apulian faunula from the Alp Mountains (Löser) and the Paris Basin, which is mainly represented by the poorly investigated coral fauna from the French Sarthe department (Löser in Morel,
2015). A high number of remaining faunules give no clear pattern
(Fig. 10 , turquoise area) because of the low number of shared species. Although the
Upper Aptian to Lower Albian coral fauna of the Bisbee Basin (Löser,
2011a) has the highest number of shared species with the studied fauna, it is not among the other areas with high scores, simply because these Mexican faunas are more related to mainly Albian faunules from different areas.
|
Figure
10:
Correlation of provinces with joint species of the study area. Provinces with less than three joint species are suppressed, and only provinces of a Albian and Cenomanian age are shown. The Correlation Ratio coefficient was applied, the graph is logarithmic. |
Twenty-five species have no occurrence in other localities (Table 2). Most of these species are new. Only a small number of them are also formally established here. The other part of species remains in open nomenclature because the corresponding specimens are either very small or poorly preserved (Canleria sp. 2, Diplocteniopsis sp., Elasmophyllia sp., Eocomoseris sp., Mixastrea aff. danubica, Preverastraea aff. stellata, Sakalavastraea sp. 2, Styloheterocoenia sp.), the family they belong to is poorly investigated (Caryophylliidae sp. indet.), species of the genus still exist unrevised under other names (Apoplacophyllia sp., Hydnophoropsis sp., Silingastraea sp.), the type material of other existing species is not available (Helladastrea sp., Pachygyra sp., Placocoenia sp.), or the generic assignment is questionable (?Stephanomorpha sp., Tiarasmilia cf. casteri).
Table 2: List of species only known from the study area.
| Apoplacophyllia sp. | Canleria sp. 2 |
| Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 1 | Caryophylliidae sp. indet. 2 |
| Diplocteniopsis sp. | Elasmophyllia sp. |
| Eocomoseris sp. | Helladastrea sp. |
| Hydnophoropsis sp. 1 | Hydnophoropsis sp. 2 |
| Kozaniastrea pachysepta | Mixastrea aff. danubica |
| Pachygyra sp. | Placocoenia sp. |
| Plesiolites winnii | Preverastraea aff. stellata |
| Rhipidomeandra sp. | Sakalavastraea sp. 2 |
| Silingastraea sp. 1 | Silingastraea sp. 3 |
| ?Stephanomorpha sp. | Styloheterocoenia brunni |
| Styloheterocoenia hellenensis | Styloheterocoenia sp. |
| Tiarasmilia cf. casteri |
The distribution of the species found in the studied section shows a strong relationship to
Lower Cretaceous coral faunas, mainly Lower Aptian and Lower Albian
(Fig. 11 ). Of the 53 species indicated in other areas, 38 were indicated in the Cenomanian. This is a high value when taking into account that Tethyan Cenomanian coral faunas have been poorly studied in the past. There are 16 species that were only found in the Cenomanian or in slightly younger sediments. For instance, in the genus Eosiderastrea, of the five species indicated in the present coral fauna, three occur only in the Cenomanian, one occurs in the Middle Albian, and one species occurs from the
Upper Aptian onwards. The summarised distribution of the species of the study area shows diversity peaks during the Early Aptian, Early Albian and Early Cenomanian
(Fig. 12 ), a pattern that corresponds to the general distribution pattern of corals in the Cretaceous (Löser,
2016c,
Fig. 6.1.1).
|
Figure
11:
Stratigraphic distribution and commonness of species. The thickness of the bars indicates the number of localities
(multiple localities within the same lithostratigraphic unit are counted as one) in which the concerned species was found. The green bar indicates the age of the study area. |
|
|
Figure
12:
Summarized distribution and commonness of species. The green bar indicates the age of the study area. |
The generic composition of the studied faunas (Fig.
13 ) shows that the time interval from the Late Albian to Cenomanian was a time of a faunal turnover. There are several genera that have their last occurrence in the
Lower Cenomanian (such as Apoplacophyllia, Aulastraeopora, Felixigyra, Haplaraea, Latomeandra, Mixastraea, Parnassomeandra, Rhipidomeandra, Thecosmilia, and Tiarasmilia), and there are genera that have their first occurrence in the Cenomanian (Elasmophyllia, Hydnophoraraea, Negoporites, Phyllosmilia). The
Lower Cenomanian has still more elements of Lower Cretaceous faunas. The poorly documented Middle Cenomanian shows the same amount of
Lower and Upper Cretaceous genera (Löser, Werner & Darga,
2013), a trend that continues with the
Upper Cenomanian, where Upper Cretaceous elements increased further.
|
Figure
13:
Stratigraphical ranges of the genera of the study area. The green bar indicates the age of the study area. Red lines indicate range extensions. |
We are grateful to Danielle Decrouez (Geneva) for determining the orbitolinid foraminifers, and Heinz Kollmann (Vienna) for commenting on the stratigraphic value of the nerineid gastropods from the outcrop area. We wish to thank numerous colleagues who allowed us to examine coral (type) material of their collections. Fieldwork and the preparation of thin sections were financed by DFG project FL42-73. Further funds for preparing thin sections were kindly provided by PAPIIT-DGAPA project IN101111 (UNAM, Mexico). Additional thin sections were carefully prepared by Aimée Orcí (Hermosillo). English language correction (Material and methods, Systematic part, Discussion) by Proof-Reading-Service (Letchworth Garden City, UK). Comments by an anonymous reviewer are acknowledged.
Abdel-Gawad G.L. & Gameil M. (1995).- Cretaceous and Palaeocene Coral Faunas in Egypt and Greece.- Coral Research Bulletin, Dresden, vol. 4, p. 1-36.
Achiardi A. de (1875).- Coralli eocenici del Friuli. Parte 3.- Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze naturali, Pisa, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 147-222.
Alloiteau J. (1941).- Révision de collection H. Michelin. Polypiers d'anthozoaires (1:) Crétacé.- Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (N.S.), Paris, vol. 16, no. 1, 100 p.
Alloiteau J. (1948).- Polypiers des couches albiennes à grandes trigonies de Padern (Aude).- Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (sér. 5), Paris, vol. 18, p. 699-738.
Alloiteau J. (1952).- Embranchement des coelentérés. In: Piveteau J. (éd.), Traité de Paléontologie (1).- Masson, Paris, p.376-684 (10 Pls.).
Alloiteau J. (1954).- Sur cinq genres nouveaux de madréporaires post-paléozoïques.- Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (sér. 6), Paris, vol. 3, p. 873-887.
Alloiteau J. (1956a).- Montlivaultia charcennensis.- Palaeontologia Universalis, Paris, vol. N.S. 116, p. 1-3.
Alloiteau J. (1956b).- Montlivaultia perornata.- Palaeontologia Universalis, Paris, vol. N.S. 150, p. 1-2.
Alloiteau J. (1957).- Contribution à la systématique des Madréporaires fossiles.- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 462 p.
Alloiteau J. (1958).- Monographie des Madréporaires fossiles de Madagascar.- Annales géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive, vol. 25, 218 p.
Angelis d'Ossat G. de (1905).- Coralli del Cretacico inferiore della Catalogna.- Palaeontographia Italica, Pisa, vol. 9, p. 169-251.
Avnimelech M. (1948).- A new species of Aspidiscus from the Middle Cretaceous of Sinai and remarks on this genus in general.- Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, Basel, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 294-299.
Ayoub-Hannaa W.S. (2011).- Taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian macro-invertebrates from eastern Sinai, Egypt.- Universität Würzburg, Dissertation, 410 p.
Ayoub-Hannaa W. & Fürsich F.T. (2011).- Functional morphology and taphonomy of Cenomanian (Cretaceous) oysters from the eastern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.- Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, Frankfurt/M., vol. 91, no. 3, p 197-214.
Baron-Szabo R.C. (1993).- Korallen der höheren Unterkreide ("Urgon") von Nordspanien (Playa de Laga, Prov. Guernica).- Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Berlin, ser. E, vol. 9, p. 147-181.
Baron-Szabo R.C. (2000).- Late Campanian-Maastrichtian corals from the United Arab Emirates-Oman border region.- Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Geology), vol. 56, no. 2, p. 91-131.
Baron-Szabo R.C. (2014).- Scleractinian Corals from the Cretaceous of the Alps and Northern Dinarides with remarks on related taxa.- Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Wien, vol. 68, 287 p. (88 Pls.).
Baron-Szabo R.C. & Fernández-Mendiola P.A. (1997).- Cretaceous scleractinian corals from the Albian of Cabo de Ajo (Cantabria Province, N-Spain).- Paläontologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart, vol. 71, no. 1/2, p. 35-50.
Baron-Szabo R.C. & González León C.M. (2003).- Late Aptian-Early Albian corals from the Mural Limestone of the Bisbee Group (Tuape and Cerro de Oro areas), Sonora, Mexico. In: Scott R.W. (ed.), Bob F. Perkins Memorial Volume.- Special Publications in Geology, Houston, p. 187-225.
Baron-Szabo R.C. & Steuber T. (1996).- Korallen und Rudisten aus dem Apt im tertiären Flysch des Parnass-Gebirges bei Delphi-Arachowa.- Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, (ser. E), vol. 18, p. 3-75.
Bataller J. (1937).- La fauna coral·lina del Cretàcic de Catalunya i regions limítrofes.- Arxius de l'Escola superior d'Agricultura (N.S.), Barcelona, vol. 3, no. 1, 299 p.
Bataller J. (1949).- Segundo suplemento a "La fauna coral·lina del Cretàcic de Catalunya i regions limítrofes".- Anales de la Escuela de Peritos Agrícolas y superior de Agricultura y de los Servicios técnicos de Agricultura, Barcelona, vol. 5, p. 3-58.
Beauvais L. (1972).- Trois espèces nouvelles de Madréporaires de l'Oxfordien supérieur de Grèce continentale (province de Béotie).- Annales de la Société géologique du Nord, Lille, vol. 92, p. 95-98.
Beauvais L. (1976).- Madréporaires du Jurassique (1:) Étude morphologique, taxonomique et phylogénétique du sous-ordre Amphiastraeida Alloiteau.- Mémoires de la Société géologique de France (N.S.), Paris, vol. 55, no. 126, 42 p.
Beauvais L. & Beauvais M. (1975).- Une nouvelle famille dans le sous-ordre des Stylinida Alloiteau : Les Agatheliidae nov. fam. (Madréporaires mésozoïques).- Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (sér. 7), Paris, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 576-581.
Beauvais M. (1974).- Le nouveau sous-ordre des Heterocoeniida.- Cnidaires fossiles (= Fossil Cnidaria), Paris, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 22-23.
Beauvais M. (1982).- Révision Systématique des Madréporaires des couches de Gosau.- Comptoir géologique, Paris, 5 vols.
Berndt R. (2004).- Palaeoecology and taxonomy of the macrobenthic fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Ajlun Group, southern Jordan.- Universität Würzburg, Dissertation, 222 p.
Beltremieux E. (1866).- Faune fossile du département de la Charente-Inférieure.- Annales de la Section de Sciences Naturelles de l'Académie de La Rochelle, vol. 7 (1864-1865), p. 13-92.
Blainville H.M. (1830).- Zoophytes. In: Defrance J.L.M. (éd.), Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles.- Levrault, Paris, vol. 60, 548 p.
Bock S. (1938).- The Alcyonarian genus Bathyalcyon.- Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. [Bihangtil] Handlingar, Stockholm, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 3-54.
Bourne G.C. (1900).- The Anthozoa. In: Lankester R. (ed.), Treatise on Zoology. Part 2: Porifera and Coelenterata.- A. & C. Black, London, p. 59-79.
Bover Arnal T., Löser H., Moreno Bedmar J.A., Salas R. & Strasser A. (2012).- Corals on the slope (Aptian, Maestrat Basin, Spain).- Cretaceous Research, London, vol. 37, p. 43-64.
Bronn H.G. (1851).- Lethaea geognostica (3. ed.) (2, 3:) Meso-Lethaea (5, 4:) Kreide-Gebirge.- Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 412 p.
Brunn J.H. (1956).- Contribution à l'étude géologique du Pinde septentrional et d'une partie de la Macédoine occidentale.- Annales géologiques des pays helléniques, Athenai, vol. 7, 358 p.
Bölsche W. (1871).- Die Korallen des unteren Pläner im Sächsischen Elbthale. In: Geinitz H.B. (ed.), Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen (1:) Der untere Quader.- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, vol. 20, p. 46-57.
Coquand H. (1862).- Géologie et paléontologie de la région sud de la province de Constantine.- Mémoires de la Société d'émulation de Provence, Marseille, vol. 2, p. 5-341.
Dana J.D. (1846).- Structure and classification of Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.- Lea & Blanchard, Philadelphia, Penn., 132 p.
Defrance J.L.M. (1828).- Turbinolie. In: Defrance J.L.M. (éd.), Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles.- Levrault, Paris, vol. 56, p. 91-94.
Dhondt A.V. (1973).- Systematic revision of the subfamily Neitheinae (Pectinidae, Bivalvia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceous.- Mémoires - Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, vol. 176, 101 p.
Dhondt A.V. & Dieni I. (1992).- Non rudistid bivalves from Cretaceous rudist formations.- Geologica Romana, Roma, vol. 28, p. 211-218.
Eguchi M. (1936).- Three new genera of corals from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan.- Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Japan (= Teikoku-Gakushiin), Tokyo, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 70-72.
Eguchi M. (1951).- Mesozoic hexacorals from Japan.- Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University (2: Geology), Sendai, vol. 24, 96 p.
Eliášová H. (1989).- Genres nouveaux des Scléractiniaires du Crétacé de la Bohême (Tchécoslovaquie).- Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, Praha, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 113-121.
Eliášová H. (1992).- Archaeocoeniina, Stylinina, Astraeoina, Meandriina et Siderastraeidae (Scléractiniaires) du Crétacé de Bohême (Cénomanien supérieur-Turonien inférieur; Turonien supérieur, Tchécoslovaquie).- Vestnik Ustredního ústavu geologického, Praha, vol. 67, no. 6, p. 399-414.
Eliášová H. (1994).- Latomeandridés (Scléractiniaires) du Crétacé supérieur de Bohême (République tchèque).- Vestník Ceského geologického ústavu, Praha, vol. 69, no. 2, p. 1-17.
Eliášová H. (1996a).- Cunnolitidés du Crétacé de Bohême (Scléractiniares, Fungiina) Cénomanien supérieur-Turonien inférieur République tchèque.- Vestník Ceského geologického ústavu, Praha, vol. 71, no. 2, p. 127-134.
Eliášová H. (1996b).- Canleria gen. nov. (Scleractinia, Heterocoeniina) Cénomanien supérieur, République tchèque.- Vestník Ceského geologického ústavu, Praha, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 255-258.
Eliášová H. (1997a).- Coraux pas encore décrits ou redécrits du Crétacé supérieur de Bohême.- Vestník Ceského geologického ústavu, Praha, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 61-80.
Eliášová H. (1997b).- Coraux crétacé de Bohême (Cénomanien supérieur; Turonien inférieur - Coniacien inférieur), République tchèque.- Vestník Ceského geologického ústavu, Praha, vol. 72, no. 3, p. 245-266.
Eliášová H. (2004).- Coraux solitaires (Zoantharia, Microsolenina) du Crétacé de Bohême (Cénomanien supérieur, République tchèque).- Bulletin of Geosciences, Praha, vol. 79, no. 3, 157-166.
Felix J. (1891).- Versteinerungen aus der mexicanischen Jura und Kreideformation. In: Felix J. & Lenk H. (eds.), Beiträge zur Geologie und Paläontologie der Republik Mexico (3).- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, vol. 37, p. 140-194.
Felix J. (1900).- Über die Gruppe der Montlivaltiaceae.- Sitzungsberichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, Bd. 26-27, 6. Februar, p. 20-24.
Felix J. (1903).- Studien über die korallenführenden Schichten der oberen Kreideformation in den Alpen und den Mediterrangebieten (1) Die Anthozoën der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen.- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, vol. 49, p. 163-360.
Felix J. (1925).- Anthozoa eocaenica et oligocaenica.- Fossilium Catalogus (1: Animalia), Berlin, vol. 28, 296 p.
Fossa-Mancini E. (1918).- Catalogo dei fossili dell'Appennino centrale conservati nel Museo di Geologia dell'Universitá di Pisa (1).- Palaeontographia Italica, Pisa, vol. 24, p. 129-145.
Fromentel E. (1857).- Description des polypiers fossiles de l'étage Néocomien.- Bulletin de la Société des Sciences historiques et naturelles de l'Yonne, Auxerre, p. 1-78.
Fromentel E. (1862-1887).- Terrain crétacé.- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, 624 p.
Fromentel E. (1862).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (1).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 1-48.
Fromentel E. (1863a).- Monographie des polypiers jurassiques supérieurs (1:) Étage portlandien.- Mémoires de la Société linnéenne de Normandie, Caen, vol. 12, p. 1-56.
Fromentel E. (1863b).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (5).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 193-240.
Fromentel E. (1870).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (8).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 337-384.
Fromentel E. (1873).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (9).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 385-432.
Fromentel E. (1877).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (10).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 433-480.
Fromentel E. (1884).- Zoophytes, terrain crétacé (13).- Paléontologie française, Paris, vol. 8, p. 529-560.
Fromentel E. & Ferry H. (1869).- Zoophytes, terrains jurassiques (5).- Paléontologie française, Paris, p. 193-240.
Gameil M. (1997).- Cretaceous corals of Gabal Mokattab, West Central Sinai, Egypt.- Egyptian Journal of Geology, Cairo, vol. 41, no. 2a, p. 347-363.
Gill G.A. & Chikhi F. (1991).- Remarks on new occurences of Aspidiscus, a Cenomanian scleractinian coral, in the Persian Gulf and in Algeria.- Lethaia, Oslo, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 349-350.
Gill G.A. & Lafuste J. (1987).- Structure, répartition et signification paléogéographique d'Aspidiscus, hexacoralliaire cénomanien de la Téthys.- Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (sér. 8), Paris, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 921-934.
Goldfuss A. (1826).- Petrefacta Germaniae (1,1).- Arnz, Düsseldorf, p. I-VIII, 1-76.
Gregory J.W. (1930).- The fossil corals of Kenya colony collected by Miss McKinnon Wood.- Monographs of the Geological department of the Hunterian museum, Glasgow university, Glasgow, vol. 4, no. 10, p. 185-209.
Hackemesser M. (1936).- Eine kretazische Korallenfauna aus Mittel-Griechenland und ihre paläobiologischen Beziehungen.- Palaeontographica (ser. A), Stuttgart, vol. 84, 97 p.
Hackemesser M. (1937).- Neue Korallenfunde aus den mittelgriechischen Hochgebirgen.- Leipziger Vierteljahresschrift für Südosteuropa, vol. 2, p. 45-572.
Jacobshagen V. (1985).- Geologie von Griechenland.- Beiträge zur regionalen Geologie der Erde, Berlin, 363 p.
Johnson K.G. (2007).- Reef-coral diversity in the Late Oligocene Antigua Formation and temporal variation of local diversity on Caribbean Cenozoic Reefs. In: Hubmann B. & Piller W.E. (eds.), Fossil corals and sponges.- Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 17, p. 471-491.
Koby F. (1889).- Monographie des polypiers jurassiques de la Suisse (9).- Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, Basel, vol. 16, p. 457-586.
Koby F. (1897).- Monographie des polypiers crétacés de la Suisse (2).- Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, Basel, vol. 23, p. 29-62.
Koenig C. (1825).- Icones fossilium sectiles.- London, p. 1-4.
Kollmann H.A. (1987).- Eine cenomane Gastropodenfauna aus Nea Nikopolis bei Kozani (Mazedonien, Griechenland).- Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Wien, vol. 89A, p. 37-56.
Kollmann H.A., Peza L.H. & Cech S. (1998).- Upper Cretaceous Nerineacea of the Bohemian Basin (Czech Republic) and the Saxonian Basin (Germany) and their significance for Tethyan environments.- Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Leipzig, vol. 43/44, p. 151-172.
Lamarck J.B.P. de (1801).- Systême des animaux sans vertèbres.- Comptoir géologique, Paris, 432 p.
Lamouroux J.V.F. (1821).- Exposition méthodique des genres de l'ordre des polypiers.- Agasse, Paris, 115 p.
Liao Wei-Hua (1982).- Mesozoic scleractinian corals from Xizang (Tibet). In: The series of the scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Paleontology of Xizang (Tibet).- Science Press, Beijing, vol. 4, p. 151-183.
Liao Wei-Hua & Xia Jin-bao (1994).- Mesozoic and Cenozoic scleractinian corals from Tibet.- Palaeontologia Sinica (Zhongguo-gushengwu-zhi), Beijing, vol. 184, 252 p.
Llueca G. (1932).- Noticia sobre el hallazgo del Aspidiscus cristatus Lamarck en el Cenomaniense de España.- Boletín del Instituto geológico y minero de España, Madrid, vol. 52, p. 347-348.
Löser H. (1987).- Zwei neue Gattungen der Korallen aus der Sächsischen und Böhmischen Oberkreide.- Vestnik Ustredního ústavu geologického, Praha, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 233-237.
Löser H. (1989).- Die Korallen der sächsischen Oberkreide (1:) Hexacorallia aus dem Cenoman.- Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Leipzig, vol. 36, p. 88-154, 183-186, 209-215.
Löser H. (1993).- Morphologie und Taxonomie der Gattung Mixastraea Roniewicz 1976 (Scleractinia; Jura-Kreide).- Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Berlin, ser. E, vol. 9, p. 103-109.
Löser H. (1994).- La faune corallienne du mont Kassenberg à Mülheim-sur-la-Ruhr (Bassin crétacé de Westphalie, Nord Ouest de l'Allemagne).- Coral Research Bulletin, Dresden, vol. 3, p. 1-93.
Löser H. (1998).- Remarks on the Aulastraeoporidae and the genus Aulastraeopora (Scleractinia; Cretaceous) with the description of a new species.- Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte, Magdeburg, vol. 20, p. 59-75.
Löser H. (2004).- PaleoTax - a database program for palaeontological data.- Computer & Geosciences, Amsterdam, vol. 30, no. 5, p. 513-521.
Löser H. (2007).- Morphology, taxonomy and distribution of the Cretaceous coral genus Preverastraea (Late Barremian-Cenomanian; Scleractinia).- Rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia, Milano, vol. 113, no. 1, p. 3-19.
Löser H. (2008).- Early Cretaceous coral faunas from East Africa (Tanzania, Kenya; Late Valanginian-Aptian) and revision of the Dietrich collection (Berlin, Germany).- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, vol. 285, no. 1/3, p. 23-75.
Löser H. (2010a).- Revision of the Early Cretaceous coral genus Felixigyra and general remarks on the faviid hydnophoroid coral genera.- Rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia, Milano, vol. 116, no. 2, p. 177-188.
Löser H. (2010b).- Revision of the Cretaceous coral genus Tiarasmilia Wells, 1932 (Scleractinia).- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, vol. 258, no. 2, p. 157-165.
Löser H. (2011a).- The Cretaceous corals from the Bisbee Group (Sonora; Late Barremian - Early Albian): introduction and family Aulastraeoporidae.- Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas, Mexico City, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 254-261.
Löser H. (2011b).- Revision of the coral genera Neocoenia and Helladastraea from the Cretaceous of Greece.- Palaeodiversity, Stuttgart, vol. 4, p. 7-15.
Löser H. (2012).- Intraspecific variation in the genus Stelidioseris (family Actinastraeidae, suborder Archeocaeniina, order Scleractinia; Jurassic-Cretaceous).- Geologica Belgica, Brussels, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 382-387.
Löser H. (2013a).- An Early Albian shallow marine coral fauna from Southern France – insight into evolution and palaeobiogeography of Cretaceous corals.- Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, Berlin, vol. 93, no. 1, p. 1-43.
Löser H. (2013b).- The Cretaceous corals from the Bisbee Group (Sonora; Late Barremian - Early Albian): genus Stelidioseris (Actinastraeidae).- Paleontología mexicana, Mexico City, vol. 63, p. 79-89.
Löser H. (2013c).- The Late Cretaceous coral genus Hydnophoropsis.- Batalleria, Barcelona, vol. 19, p. 24-40.
Löser H. (2013d).- Critical review of the Trochoidomeandridae family (Scleractinia; Cretaceous) and the genera Felixigyra, Rhipidomeandra, Trochoidomeandra, and Wellsimeandra.- Palaeodiversity, Stuttgart, vol. 6, p. 9-21.
Löser H. (2014a).- Revision of the family Agatheliidae (Scleractinia; Cretaceous).- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, vol. 273, no. 3, p. 299-318.
Löser H. (2014b).- 3. Korallen / 3. Corals. In: Niebuhr B. & Wilmsen M. (eds.), Kreide-Fossilien in Sachsen, Teil 1.- Geologica Saxonica, Dresden, vol. 60, no. 1, p. 17-56.
Löser H. (2015a).- Les coraux. In: Morel N. (éd.), Stratotype Cénomanien.- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, p. 280-282.
Löser H. (2015b).- The Cretaceous corals from the Bisbee Group (Sonora; Late Barremian-Early Albian): Solenocoeniidae.- Paleontología mexicana, Mexico City, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 13-24.
Löser H. (2016a).- Early evolution of the coral family Siderastraeidae (Scleractinia).- Paläontologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart, vol. 90, no. 1, p. 1-17.
Löser H. (2016b).- Taxonomy and distribution of the Cretaceous coral genus Eosiderastrea.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 16, no. 16, p. 383-416.
Löser H. (2016c).- Systematic part.- Catalogue of Cretaceous Corals, Dresden, vol. 4, 710 p.
Löser H., Arias C. & Vilas L. (2015).- Aptian-Albian coral faunas from the Sierra del Carche (Prebetic, Murcia, Southern Spain).- Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, Madrid, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 43-63.
Löser H., Castro J.M. & Nieto L.M. (2010).- A small Albian coral fauna from the Sierra de Seguilí (Alicante province, SE Spain).- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, vol. 255, no. 3, p. 315-326.
Löser H., Castro J.M. & Nieto L.M. (2013).- Late Albian Scleractinian corals from the Prebetic Zone (SE Spain).- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, vol. 301, no. 1/2, p. 1-62.
Löser H. & Minor K. (2007).- Palaeobiogeographic aspects of Late Barremian to Late Albian coral faunas from Northern Mexico (Sonora) and the southern USA (Arizona, Texas).- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, vol. 245, no. 2, p. 193-218.
Löser H. & Mohanti M. (2004).- A Cenomanian coral assemblage from southern India.- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, Stuttgart, vol. 10, p. 577-594.
Löser H. & Raeder M. (1995).- Aptian/Albian coral assemblages of the Helicon Mountains (Boeotia, Greece): Palaeontological, palaeoecological and palaeogeographical aspects.- Coral Research Bulletin, Dresden, vol. 4, p. 37-63.
Löser H. & Saldaña-Villodre J.C. (2008).- Colonial corals from the Early Aptian siliciclastic Montlivaltia Marls of Jumilla (Murcia, Spain).- Revista Española de Paleontología, Madrid, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 1-6.
Löser H. & Sklenár J. (2016).- The Scleractinian coral genus Glenarea (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin).- Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae (B) Historia Naturalis, Praha, vol. 71, no. 3/4, p. 365-376.
Löser H., Werner W. & Darga R. (2013).- A Middle Cenomanian coral fauna from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Bavaria, Southern Germany) – new insights into the evolution of Mid-Cretaceous corals.- Zitteliana, München, vol. A53, p. 37-76.
Löser H. & Zell P. (2015).- Revision of the family Columastraeidae (Scleractinia; Cretaceous).- Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, vol. 277, no. 2, p. 153-166.
Löser H. (ed.), Barattolo F., Badia S., Chikhi-Aouimeur F., Dhondt A., Erlich R.N., Fözy I., Geister J., Hiss M., Kolodziej B., Leloux J., Lewy Z., Minor K.P., Mitchell S., Moosleitner G., Peza L., Remane J., Romano R., Sikharulidze G.Y., Sinnyovski D., Steuber T., Tröger K.-A., Turnšek D., Vecchio E., Vilella i Puig J. & Zítt J. (2002).- List of Citations.- Catalogue of Cretaceous Corals, Dresden, vol. 2, 784 p.
Löser H. (ed.), Barattolo F., Badia S., Chikhi-Aouimeur F., Dhondt A., Erlich R.N., Fözy I., Geister J., Hiss M., Kolodziej B., Leloux J., Lewy Z., Madhavaraju J., Minor K.P., Mitchell S., Moosleitner G., Niebuhr B., Peza L., Remane J., Romano R., Sanders D., Sikharulidze G.Y., Sinnyovski D., Steuber T., Tröger K.-A., Turnšek D., Vecchio E., Vilella i Puig J. & Zítt J. (2005).- List of Localities.- Catalogue of Cretaceous Corals, Dresden, vol. 3, 366 p.
López-Horgue M.A., Owen H.G., Rodríguez-Lázaro J., Orue-Etxebarria X. & Fernández Mendiola P.A. (1999).- Late Albian-Early Cenomanian stratigraphic succession near Estella-Lizarra (Navarra, central northern Spain) and its regional and interregional correlation.- Cretaceous Research, London, vol. 20, p. 369-402.
Malchus N. (1990).- Revision der Kreide-Austern (Bivalvia: Pteriomorpha) Ägyptens (Biostratigraphie, Systematik).- Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Berlin, vol. A125, 231 p.
Markovic O. & Andjelkovic M. (1953).- [Geology and tectonic of the region near the villages Osechenize, Brezhdje and Struganik (western Serbia).]- Zbornik radova Srpska akademia nauka (S.A.N.) Geoloshki institut, Beograd, vol. 33, no. 5, p. 111-133.
Matthews S.C. (1973).- Notes on open nomenclature and on synonymy lists.- Palaeontology, London, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 713-719.
Melnikova G.K., Roniewicz E. & Löser H. (1993).- New microsolenid coral genus Eocomoseris (Scleractinia, Early Lias-Cenomanian).- Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, Kraków, vol. 63, p. 3-12.
Michelin H. (1847).- Iconographie zoophytologique. Description par localités et terrains des polypiers fossiles de France (7).- Bertrand, Paris, p. 249-328.
Milaschewitsch C. (1876).- Die Korallen der Nattheimer Schichten (2).- Palaeontographica, Kassel, vol. 21, p. 62-123.
Milne Edwards H. (1857).- Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits (1+2).- Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, VIII, 326 p. + 633 p.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1848a).- Observations sur les polypiers de la famille des astréides.- Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, vol. 27, no. 19, p. 465-469.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1848b).- Note sur la classification de la deuxième tribu de la famille des astréides.- Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, vol. 27, no. 20, p. 490-497.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1848c).- Recherches sur les polypiers (4:) Monographie des Astréides (1:) Eusmiliens.- Annales de Sciences naturelles ( ser. 3), Paris, vol. 10, p. 209-320.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1849).- Recherches sur les polypiers (4:) Monographie des Astréides (2:) Astréens (1-3).- Annales de Sciences naturelles ( ser. 3), Paris, vol. 11, p. 233-312.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1851a).- A monograph of the British fossil corals (1:) Introduction. Tertiary and Cretaceous.- Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London, vol. 3, p. i-lxxxv, 1-71.
Milne Edwards H. & Haime J. (1851b).- Monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains paléozoïques.- Archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, vol. 5, 502 p.
Montanaro-Gallitelli E. (1937).- Faunetta nuova a coralli del Cenomaniano "a facies africana" di Caltavuturo (Palermo).- Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, Roma, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 425-440.
Morycowa E. (1964).- Hexacoralla des couches de Grodziszcze (Néocomien Carpathes).- Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Warszawa, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 1-114.
Morycowa E. (1971).- Hexacorallia et Octocorallia du Crétacé inférieur de Rarau (Carpathes orientales roumaines).- Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Warszawa, vol. 16, no. 1/2, p. 1-149.
Morycowa E. (1974).- Hexacorallia d'un bloc exotique de calcaire tithonique à Wozniki près de Wadowice (Carpathes polonaises occidentales).- Acta Geologica Polonica, Warszawa, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 457-484.
Morycowa E. & Marcopoulou-Diacantoni A. (2002).- Albian corals from the Subpelagonian zone of Central Greece (Agrostylia, Parnassos region).- Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, Kraków, vol. 72, p. 1-65.
Morycowa E. & Masse J.P. (1998).- Les Scléractiniaires du Barrémien-Aptien inférieur de Provence (SE de la France).- Geobios, Lyon, vol. 31, no. 6, p. 725-766.
Morycowa E. & Masse J.P. (2009).- Lower Cretaceous Microsolenina (Scleractinia) from Provence (Southern France).- Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, Kraków, vol. 79, p. 97-140.
Morycowa E. & Roniewicz E. (1995).- Microstructural disparity between Recent fungiine and Mesozoic microsolenine scleractinians.- Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Warszawa, vol. 40, no. 4, p. 361-385.
Moseley H.N. (1876).- On the structure and relations of the alcyonarian Heliopora coerulea, with some account of the anatomy of a species of Sarcophyton; notes on the structure of species of the genera Millepora, Pocillopora, and Stylaster, and remarks on the structure of certain Palaeozoic corals.- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 156, p. 91-129.
Oppenheim L.P. (1930).- Die Anthozoen der Gosauschichten in den Ostalpen.- privately published, Berlin, 604 p.
Orbigny A. (1849).- Note sur les polypiers fossiles.- Masson, Paris, p. 1-12.
Orbigny A. (1850).- Prodrôme de Paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques et rayonnés (1-2).- Masson, Paris, 394 p. + 428 p.
Pandey D.K., Fürsich F.T., Baron-Szabo R.C. & Wilmsen M. (2007).- Lower Cretaceous corals from the Koppeh Dagh, NE-Iran.- Zitteliana, München, vol. A47, p. 3-52.
Philip J. (1978).- Stratigraphie et paléoécologie des formations à rudistes du Cénomanien : L'exemple de la Provence.- Géologie Méditerranéenne, Marseille, vol. 5, p. 155-168.
Philip J. (1998).- Biostratigraphie et paléobiogéographie des rudistes : Évolution des concepts et progrès récents.- Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, Paris, vol. 169, p. 689-708.
Pictet F.-J. (1857).- Traité élémentaire de paléontologie ou histoire naturelle des animaux fossiles (2. éd.).- Genève, 4 vols.
Počta F. (1887).- Die Anthozoen der böhmischen Kreideformation.- Abhandlungen der Königlichen Boehmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Prag [= Praha], ser. 7, vol. 2, 60 p.
Prever P.L. (1909).- Anthozoa. In: Parona C.F. (ed.), La fauna coralligena del Cretaceo dei Monti d'Ocre nell'Abruzzo Aquilano.- Memorie descrittive della carta geologica d'Italia, Firenze, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 51-147.
Prinz P. (1991).- Mesozoische Korallen aus Nordchile.- Palaeontographica, Stuttgart, ser. A, vol. 216, no. 4/6, p. 147-209.
Quenstedt F.A. (1885).- Handbuch der Petrefaktenkunde (3. ed.).- Laup & Sieber, Tübingen, 1239 p.
Reig Oriol J. (1994).- Madreporarios cretácicos de Cataluña.- privately published, Barcelona, 60 p.
Renz C. (1930).- Neue mittelkretazische Fossilvorkommen in Griechenland.- Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, Basel, vol. 49, no. 5, p. 1-10.
Reyeros Navarro M.M. (1963).- Corales del Cretacico inferior de San Juan Raya, Estado de Puebla.- Paleontología mexicana, Mexico City, vol. 17, p. 1-21.
Roniewicz E. (1976).- Les scléractiniaires du Jurassique supérieur de la Dobrogea centrale Roumanie.- Palaeontologia Polonica, Warszawa, vol. 34, p. 17-121.
Roniewicz E. (2008).- Kimmeridgian-Valanginian reef corals from the Moesian platform from Bulgaria.- Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, Kraków, vol. 78, no. 2, p. 91-134.
Schöllhorn E. (1998).- Geologie und Paläontologie des Oberapt im Becken von Organyà (Nordspanien).- Coral Research Bulletin, Dresden, vol. 6, p. 1-139.
Seeling J. & Bengtson P. (1999).- Cenomanian oysters from the Sergipe Basin, Brazil.- Cretaceous Research, Amsterdam, vol. 20, no. 6, p. 747-765.
Stenzel H.B. (1971).- Oysters. In: Moore R.C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia 3.- Boulder & Lawrence, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, p. 953-1224.
Steuber T. & Löser H. (2000).- Species richness and abundance patterns of Tethyan Cretaceous rudist bivalves (Mollusca: Hippuritacea) in the central-eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.- Palæogeography, Palæoclimatology, Palæoecology, vol. 162, no. 1/2, p. 75-104.
Stoliczka F. (1873).- The corals or Anthozoa from the Cretaceous rocks of South India.- Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica, Calcutta, ser. 4, vol. 8, no. 4/5, p. 130-202.
Söhle U. (1897).- Geologische Aufnahme des Labergebirges bei Oberammergau mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Cenomans in den Bayerischen Alpen.- Geognostische Jahreshefte, München, vol. 9, p. 1-66.
Söhle U. (1899).- Das Ammergebirge.- Geognostische Jahreshefte, München, vol. 11, p. 39-89.
Thomas H.D. & Omara S. (1957).- The Cenomanian compound coral, Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck), from Nezzazat, western Sinai.- Geological Magazine, London, vol. 94, no. 2, p. 151-155.
Tomes R.F. (1893).- Observations on the affinities of the genus Astrocoenia.- Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, London, vol. 49, p. 569-573.
Toula F. (1884).- Geologische Untersuchungen im westlichen Theile des Balkans und in den angrenzenden Gebiete (10:) Von Pirot nach Sofia auf den Vitos, über Pernik nach Trn und über Stol nach Pirot.- Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, ser. 1, vol. 88, p. 1279-1348.
Toula F. (1889).- Geologische Untersuchungen im centralen Balkan.- Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, Wien, vol. 55.
Turnšek D. & Mihajlovic M. (1981).- Lower Cretaceous Cnidarians from eastern Serbia.- Razprave Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana, ser. 4, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 1-54.
Turnšek D., Plenicar M. & Sribar L. (1992).- Lower Cretaceous fauna from Slovenski Vrh near Kocevje (South Slovenia).- Razprave Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana, ser. 4, vol. 33, no. 8, p. 205-257.
Vaughan T.W. (1900).- The Eocene and Oligocene coral faunas of the United States with Descriptions of a few doubtfully Cretaceous species.- Monographs of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., vol. 39, 263 p.
Vaughan T.W. (1905).- A critical review of the literature of the simple genera of Fungida, with a tentative classification.- Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., vol. 28, no. 1401, p. 371-424.
Vaughan T.W. & Wells J.W. (1943).- Revision of the suborders, families and genera of Scleractinia.- Special Papers. Geological Society of America, Washington, D.C., vol. 44, 363 p.
Verrill A.E. (1870).- Notes on the Radiata in the museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America.- Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Conn., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 377-567.
Wells J.W. (1932).- Corals of the Trinity Group of the Comanchean of central Texas.- Journal of Paleontology, Tulsa, Okla., vol. 6, no. 3, p. 225-256.
Wells J.W. (1933).- Corals of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and Western Interior of the United States.- Bulletins of American Paleontology, Ithaca, N.Y., vol. 18, no. 67, p. 83-292.
Wells J.W. (1936).- The nomenclature and type species of some genera of recent and fossil corals.- American journal of science, New Haven, Conn., ser. 5, vol. 31, no. 182, p. 97-134.
Wells J.W. (1944).- Cretaceous, Tertiary and Recent corals, a sponge and a alga from Venezuela.- Journal of Paleontology, Menasha, Wis., vol. 18, p. 429-447.
Wilmsen M. (1996).- Flecken-Riffe in den Kalken der "Formación Altamira" (Cenoman, Cobreces/Toñanes-Gebiet, Prov. Kantabrien, Nord-Spanien): Stratigraphische Position, fazielle Rahmenbedingungen und Sequenzstratigraphie.- Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Berlin, ser. E, vol. 18, p. 353-373.
Wilmsen M. (1997).- Das Oberalb und Cenoman im Nordkantabrischen Becken (Provinz Kantabrien, Nordspanien): Faziesentwicklung, Bio- und Sequenzstratigraphie.- Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen ( ser. E), Berlin, vol. 23, 167 p.
Wilson M.A., Vinn O. & Palmer J.P. (2014).- Bivalve borings, bioclaustrations and symbiosis in corals from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of southern Israel.- Palæogeography, Palæoclimatology, Palæoecology, vol. 414, p. 243-245.
Zlatarski V.N. (1968).- Diplocteniopsidae. Une nouvelle famille de Madreporaria de l'Aptien de la Bulgarie du Nord.- Izvestija na geologicheskija institut, serija paleontologija, Sofia, vol. 17, p. 49-107.
|
1-3) Stelidioseris japonica Eguchi, 1951, BSPG 2003 XX 5838; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4) Caryophylliidae indet. sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 7468; transversal thin section; 5) Caryophylliidae indet. sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 7448; transversal thin section; 6) Polyastropsis subplana (Prever, 1909), BSPG 2003 XX 5833; transversal thin section; 7-9) Eocolumastrea gortanii Prever, 1909, BSPG 2003 XX 5878; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Eocolumastrea rosae Prever, 1909, BSPG 2003 XX 5895; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-2) Sakalavastraea clementi Beauvais, 1972, BSPG 2003 XX 5858; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3-4) Sakalavastraea sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 5869; 3) transversal thin section; 4) transversal thin section, detail; 5-6) Astraeofungia cf. barcenai (Felix, 1891), BSPG 2003 XX 5888; 5) transversal thin section; 6) transversal thin section, detail; 7-9) Sakalavastraea sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 5811; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Aspidiscus cristatus Lamarck, 1801, BSPG 2003 XX 7458; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) oblique thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Helladastraea sp., BSPG 2003 XX 7454; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Latomeandra ? plicata Goldfuss, 1826, BSPG 2003 XX 5884; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Mixastraea westfalica Löser, 1993, BSPG 2003 XX 5880; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Mixastraea aff. danubica Roniewicz, 1976, BSPG 2003 XX 5894; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Placoseris eturbensis (Fromentel, 1857), BSPG 2003 XX 7438; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Polyastropsis arnaudi (Alloiteau, 1957), BSPG 2003 XX 5823; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Thalamocaeniopsis explanata (Reig Oriol, 1994), BSPG 2003 XX 5814; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-11) Thalamocaeniopsis sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5885; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) Cryptocoenia corbariensis Alloiteau, 1948, BSPG 2003 XX 5897; transversal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Eocomoseris sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5891; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Microsolena ? interjecta Alloiteau, 1958, BSPG 2003 XX 5832; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Negoporites spissus Počta, 1887, BSPG 2003 XX 5834; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Brachycoenia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5949; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Synastrea sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5817; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Hydnophoraraea styriaca Michelin, 1847, BSPG 2003 XX 5899; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Parnassomeandra steuberi Löser, 2013, BSPG 2003 XX 5928; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Confusaforma weyeri Löser, 1987, BSPG 2003 XX 5827; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Cryptocoenia cf. biedai Morycowa, 1964, BSPG 2003 XX 5881; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Cryptocoenia jacobi Alloiteau, 1948, BSPG 2003 XX 5860; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Cryptocoenia cf. miyakoensis Eguchi, 1936, BSPG 2003 XX 5883; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Cryptocoenia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5835; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Felixigyra sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5816; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Rhipidomeandra sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5818; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Haplaraea gracilis (Hackemesser, 1936), BSPG 2003 XX 5960; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Canleria clemens Eliášová, 1996, BSPG 2003 XX 5951; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) transversal thin section, detail with remaining septal microstructure. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-5) Kozaniastrea pachysepta n. gen. n. sp., holotype BSPG 2003 XX 7449; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section; 3) transversal thin section; 4) longitudinal thin section; 5) longitudinal thin section, detail; 6-8) Canleria sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 6149; 6) transversal thin section; 7) transversal thin section, detail; 8) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Canleria sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 5867; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Heterocoenia distans Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848, BSPG 2003 XX 5819; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Styloheterocoenia brunni n. gen. n. sp., holotype BSPG 2003 XX 5849; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-4) Styloheterocoenia hellenensis n. gen. n. sp., holotype BSPG 2003 XX 5837; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section, detail; 4) longitudinal thin section; 5-6) Tiarasmilia cf. casteri Wells, 1932, BSPG 2003 XX 5953; 5) transversal thin section; 6) transversal thin section, detail. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Styloheterocoenia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5937; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-8) Plesiolites winnii n. gen. n. sp., holotype BSPG 2003 XX 7469; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) paratype BSPG 2003 XX 7464; transversal thin section; 7) holotype BSPG 2003 XX 7469; longitudinal thin section; 8) paratype BSPG 2003 XX 7466; transversal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Plesiosmilia vaughani (Angelis d'Ossat, 1905), BSPG 2003 XX 5964; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4) Tiarasmilia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5921; transversal thin section; 5) Trochophyllia ogilvieae (Angelis d'Ossat, 1905), BSPG 2003 XX 5947; transversal thin section; 6-7) Trochophyllia rara (Prever, 1909), BSPG 2003 XX 5931; 6) transversal thin section; 7) transversal thin section, detail; 8) Trochophyllia tourtiensis (Bölsche, 1871), BSPG 2003 XX 5941; transversal thin section; 9) Aulastraeopora harrisi Wells, 1932, BSPG 2003 XX 5940; transversal thin section; 10-12) Trochophyllia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5955; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Placocoenia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5875; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Silingastraea shimoheiensis Eguchi, 1951, BSPG 2003 XX 5828; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Silingastraea sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 5815; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Silingastraea sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 5844; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Silingastraea sp. 3, BSPG 2003 XX 5824; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Complexastrea sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5936; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Thecosmilia densa Fromentel, 1870, BSPG 2003 XX 5842; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) oblique thin section; 10-12) Aulosmilia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5967; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) BSPG 2003 XX 7441; transversal thin section; [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Diplocteniopsis sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5938; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-5) Silingastraea japonica Eguchi, 1951, BSPG 2003 XX 5887; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6-7) Elasmophyllia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5961; 6) transversal thin section; 7) transversal thin section, detail; 8-10) Hydnophoropsis sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 5836; 8) transversal thin section; 9) transversal thin section, detail; 10) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Hydnophoropsis sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 5882; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Pachygyra sp., BSPG 2003 XX 7442; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-10) Phyllosmilia cf. basochesi Defrance, 1828, BSPG 2003 XX 7433; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) BSPG 2003 XX 7437; transversal thin section, detail; 10) BSPG 2003 XX 7433; longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Apoplacophyllia sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5935; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Aulastraeopora schnauzeae Löser, 1998, SNSD-MMG GrK2; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Preverastraea aff. stellata Stoliczka, 1873, BSPG 2003 XX 5839; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-12) Preverastraea infundibuliformis (Wells, 1932), BSPG 2003 XX 6170; 10) transversal thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail; 12) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) ?Stephanomorpha sp., BSPG 2003 XX 5822; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Eosiderastrea grandipora Orbigny, 1850, BSPG 2003 XX 5900; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Eosiderastrea paragrandipora Löser, 2016, BSPG 2003 XX 5812; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section; 10-11) Eosiderastrea stefani Löser, 2016, BSPG 2003 XX 6145; 10) oblique thin section; 11) transversal thin section, detail. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
||
|
1-3) Eosiderastrea sp. 1, BSPG 2003 XX 5829; 1) transversal thin section; 2) transversal thin section, detail; 3) longitudinal thin section; 4-6) Eosiderastrea sp. 2, BSPG 2003 XX 5846; 4) transversal thin section; 5) transversal thin section, detail; 6) longitudinal thin section; 7-9) Heliopora radiata (Orbigny, 1850), BSPG 2003 XX 5821; 7) transversal thin section; 8) transversal thin section, detail; 9) longitudinal thin section. [Scale bar 1mm] |
|
