◄ Carnets Geol. 19 (14) ►
Outline:
[1. Introduction]
[2. Historical background]
[3. Material and methods]
[4. Results]
[5. Discussion]
[6. Conclusions]
and ... [Bibliographic references]
Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals, Carretera Palma-Port de Sóller Km.
30, Sóller, 07100, Illes Balears (Spain)
Published online in final form (pdf) on October 10, 2019
DOI 10.4267/2042/70497
[Editor: Bruno Granier;
language editor: Stephen Eager]
The upper Pleistocene deposit of Arenal de son Servera is reviewed using data from earlier works and new considerations based on its stratigraphy and taphonomical aspects of the fossils. In the present study, five different kinds of facies are identified: [1] palaeosols with pebbles from the Miocene basement, [2] aeolianites, [3] foreshore deposits with thermophilous molluscan fossil fauna, [4] palaeosols resulting from the pedogenesis of the beach units, and [5] bioclastic channelled deposits eroding the underlaying units. The detailed taphonomical analysis revealed that the fossils enclosed in these rocks remained on the sea bottom for a significant amount of time, but they were not bioeroded, perhaps because a submerged sand bar repeatedly buried and exhumed them. In addition, the fact that Persististrombus latus shells are in their position of maximum stability allows to infer that they were washed up on the shore during moderately energetic events, possibly comparable to present-day ordinary storms. These two last points could be of interest to the field of coastal management, as they provide insight on the scope of physical changes these systems could undergo in the present warming of the Mediterranean.
• Mallorca;
• stratigraphy;
• upper Pleistocene;
• MIS-5e;
• taphonomy
Matamales-Andreu R. (2019).- Historical review together with stratigraphical and taphonomical considerations on the upper Pleistocene deposit of Arenal de son Servera (Mallorca, Balearic Islands).- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 19, no. 14, p. 277-285.
Rappel historique et aspects stratigraphiques et taphonomiques du gisement pléistocène supérieur d'Arenal de son Servera (Majorque, îles Baléares).- Le gisement pléistocène supérieur d'Arenal de son Servera est révisé grâce aux données d'études antérieures et à de nouvelles considérations sur sa stratigraphie et les aspects taphonomiques de ses fossiles. À l'occasion de cette étude, cinq différents types de faciès ont été reconnus: [1] des paléosols avec galets provenant du socle miocène, [2] des éolianites, [3] des dépôts d'estran à faune de mollusques fossiles thermophiles, [4] des paléosols issus de la pédogenèse des dépôts de plage, et [5] des dépôts bioclastiques chenalisants érodant les unités sous-jacentes. L'analyse taphonomique détaillée montre que les fossiles contenus dans ces roches ont résidé sur le fond marin pendant un laps de temps considérable, mais qu'ils n'étaient pas bio-érodés pour autant, peut-être parce qu'un banc de sable marin les a recouverts et découverts à de nombreuses reprises. De plus, le fait que les coquilles de Persististrombus latus sont retrouvées dans leur position de stabilité optimale laisse penser qu'elles aient été drossées sur la côte lors d'événements d'énergie modérée, vraisemblablement comparables aux tempêtes ordinaires actuelles. Ces deux derniers points pourraient présenter un intérêt dans le domaine de la gestion côtière, car ils permettent d'observer les changements physiques que ces systèmes peuvent enregistrer à l'occasion du réchauffement actuel de la Méditerranée.
• Mallorque ;
• stratigraphie ;
• Pléistocène supérieur ;
• MIS-5e ;
• taphonomie
The coastline of the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean) comprises an outstanding representation of upper Pleistocene littoral deposits (Ginés et al., 2012). Aeolianites and palaeosols are perhaps the most widespread facies in most of the localities, and were mainly formed during the glacial periods, but they may also occur as lateral variations of beach deposits during interglacial intervals (Del Valle, 2015; Vicens, 2015). Comparatively rare as they may be, foreshore deposits are usually the most fossiliferous, and have been attributed to the Marine Isotopic Substages (Railsback et al., 2015) MIS-5e or MIS-5c (Cuerda, 1975; Vicens, 2015). The MIS-5e represents the warmest interglacial peak of the last 150 thousand years (e.g., Railsback et al., 2015; Lorscheid et al., 2017; Mauz et al., 2018; Polyak et al., 2018), and has classically been widely recognised along the coasts of the Mediterranean sea (see Cuerda, 1975, for references). A plethora of fossiliferous MIS-5e deposits have been described on Mallorca since the first detailed studies by Cuerda and Muntaner (1952), Cuerda (1957) and Muntaner (1957), especially on the south-west of the island (see Vicens, 2015, for an exhaustive review). Subsequent work on the northern and eastern coasts led to the discovery of many, yet usually small, fossiliferous outcrops (Morey, 2008; Vicens, 2015). However, some of them are often covered by modern beach sands, thus remaining mostly unstudied.
The aim of the present work is to review the upper Pleistocene deposit of Arenal de son Servera both stratigraphically and taphonomically. All earlier works dealing with nearby outcrops are reviewed in order to minimise the ambiguity on the name and extension of this deposit. Detailed stratigraphic description allows identification of subtle lateral changes in the different facies, providing a clear context for all the fossils recorded. Finally, a taphonomical analysis is conducted on the fossils, in order to distinguish any relevant patterns or particularities. This will contribute to the increase the knowledge of the Mallorcan upper Pleistocene fossiliferous deposits, and especially the ones located on the east of the island, which have been traditionally more poorly studied. Moreover, this new insight will allow comparisons between the upper Pleistocene and the modern coastal dynamics of that beach.
Butzer and Cuerda
(1962) were the first to study the marine Quaternary deposits on the East of the
island of Mallorca. "Arenal de son Servera" is one of many toponyms
that has a vast sandy beach, of about 1.7 km of maximum length, located near the
Son Moro and Cala Millor residential areas (Fig. 1 
).
The aforementioned
authors claimed that the modern dunes covered post-Thyrrenian consolidated
littoral deposits, perhaps equivalent to the ones described almost at the same
time by Solé-Sabarís (1962) in Cala Millor. Butzer
and Cuerda
(1962) found a calcarenite boulder among the modern sand, which was deemed
older by the presence of a fragmentary specimen of Persististrombus latus. No other author considered this deposit
again until Vicens (2015). In 2014, a storm ravaged the coastline and
removed the sand covering of the northern part of the beach, where Vicens (2015)
found fossils of the bivalve species Arca
noae, Barbatia plicata,
Glycymeris sp., Donax sp., Acanthocardia
tuberculata, Cardita calyculata,
Chamelea gallina, and the gastropod species Persististrombus
latus, Hexaplex trunculus,
Stramonita haemastoma and Gemophos
viverratus. They were embedded in the rocks that Butzer
and Cuerda
(1962) had considered as post-thyrrenian. However, the finding of the gastropods
Persististrombus latus and Gemophos
viverratus allowed Vicens (2015) to assign the newly found outcrops to the MIS-5e, and
thus in the euthyrrenian sensu Cuerda
(e.g., 1975). Vicens (2015)
assumed that the boulder found by Butzer and Cuerda
(1962)
should also belong to these beds. Lorscheid et al.
(2017) were the first
to construct a stratigraphic
profile of this outcrop, which they called Cala Millor. The outcrop they studied
is also located at the southern half of the beach (see Fig. 1 ). They
illustrated a specimen of Persististrombus
latus, tentatively assigning the deposit to the MIS-5e. Juárez
and Matamales-Andreu (2018) described another deposit bearing Persististrombus
latus, but this time at the southernmost edge of the beach (see Fig. 1 ).
They named it Cala Nau 3, and admitted that it could be a lateral equivalent of
the Arenal de son Servera as described in Vicens
(2015) because
they could not study the precise stratigraphic succession of the deposit nor
correlate it to bordering areas as they were covered by modern sand.
During the winter of 2017, a series of great storms
overran the southern half of the beach, removing all the sand and completely
clearing the outcrop for the first time in years (Fig. 2.A ). This allowed the
author of the present work to thoroughly study the stratigraphic lateral
variations of the deposit, as it remained newly exposed. A loose calcarenitic boulder with a fragmentary specimen of Persististrombus latus was found somewhere around the southern half
of the beach (Fig. 2.B , see
Fig. 1
for its location). The remote possibility
of its corresponding to the one described by Butzer and
Cuerda
(1962) is herein suggested because: 1) there are no fossils from this
locality in the Cuerda-SHNB (Societat d'Història Natural de Balears)
collection (thoroughly reviewed by Vicens, 2015; pers. obs.), which
probably means that the fragmentary specimen of Persististrombus latus found in
1962 was never collected;
2) the
specimen bears modern bioerosion traces (Entobia
isp.), on the exposed region only. This implies that the boulder remained on the
sea bottom for some years until these last gales washed it off again on the
shore.
|
Figure 1:
Geographical
location of Arenal de son Servera deposit, with indication of the
stratigraphical profiles studied and other remarkable features. In the
localities of Cala Millor (Lorscheid et
al., 2017) and Cala Nau 3 (Juárez & Matamales-Andreu,
2018), Persististrombus latus fossils
were also reported. Maps taken from IDEIB (2017). |
|
Figure
2:
A: General
picture of Arenal de son Servera deposit, uncovered after the storms
(winter-spring 2017). B: Loose
calcarenitic boulder in which a partial specimen of Persististrombus
latus with modern Entobia
bioerosion traces was found. C: Limit
between the two foreshore units, with abundant rhizocretions. D:
In situ specimen of Persististrombus latus
in the lower foreshore unit. E: Thalassinoides-like
burrow in the upper part of the upper foreshore unit. F:
Bichorded bioturbation trace in the upper part of the upper foreshore unit. G:
Bifidipes aeolis in the upper part
of the upper foreshore unit. Scale bars in cm for all the pictures. |
For the present study, stratigraphic profiles of the
deposit were made at intervals where the outcrop was particularly well-exposed (marked in
Fig. 1 ). Thickness of the strata were measured with a
tape. The base of each profile was determined by the base level of the wave
energy on the 5th of March of 2017. The fossils recovered were
deposited in the Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals (Sóller, Balearic Islands,
Spain), abbreviated MBCN.
4.1. Stratigraphy
Figure 3
represents the correlation of the
eight profiles. Seven kinds of facies were recognised:
[A] Basement. In Arenal de son Servera, the upper Pleistocene sediments overlay the upper Miocene limestones, by means of an erosion surface. Although the upper Miocene rocks are poorly exposed, they can be assigned to the Reefal Unit (Pomar et al., 1983; Gómez-Pujol et al., 2007).
[B] Palaeosols. Beds constituted of reddish lutites, with common sharp pebbles from the Miocene basement and rare rhizocretions and fossil remains of land snails (Xerocrassa sp.). This unit is a lateral equivalent of Cala Nau 2 (Juárez & Matamales-Andreu, 2018: Fig. 9). It also corresponds to the infilling of fissures and depressions in the upper Miocene rocks. Exceptionally, at Cala Nau 2, it bears small marine shells.
[C] Aeolianites. Beds constituted of yellowish calcarenites with cross-stratification, sometimes with rhizocretions present. These facies have only been located at the southernmost edge of the beach, conformably overlying the palaeosols (B). They are a lateral variation of the beach deposits (D and E).
[D] Foreshore deposits. Beds consisting of yellowish calcarenites with very small, unidentifiable shell
fragments. These sediments can sometimes be of reddish colour due to the
increase in the proportion of silt. They possess low-angle parallel lamination, with
interbedded lenticular laminae with coarser shell fragments. This corresponds to level
"a" in Lorscheid et
al. (2017: Fig. S 17). Rhizocretions are often present, and become
increasingly dominant towards the top of the unit. Shells of the bivalve species
Acanthocardia tuberculata and the gastropod species Persististrombus latus
(Figs. 2.D ,
4.A ) have been found within these
beds. Near the top of this unit, at the southernmost part of the beach, several
different traces of bioturbation have been observed: horizontal Thalassinoides-like
burrows (Fig. 2.E ), horizontal bichorded burrows
(Fig. 2.F ), and Bifidipes aeolis Fornós
et al., 2002 (Fig. 2.G ). This unit is
separated from the next by a calcareous crust with abundant rhizocretions (Fig.
2.C ).
[E] Foreshore deposits. These correspond to the level "b" of Lorscheid
et al. (2017: Fig. S 17) and are characterised by yellowish, well-cemented calcarenites, bearing very small shell
fragments. These beds possess low-angle parallel lamination, with sporadic
interbedded lenticular laminae with coarser shell fragments. Mostly complete
shells of the bivalves Arca noae
(Fig. 4.C ) and Acanthocardia tuberculata (Fig.
4.B ), and the gastropods Stramonita
haemastoma (Fig. 4.D ) and Persististrombus
latus also occur. This unit is often affected by pedogenetic processes,
resulting in the palaeosol (F) beds. Rhizocretions appear frequently, especially
near the palaeosols.
[F] Palaeosols. These facies represent the top of the beach unit affected by processes of pedogenesis, such as nodulisation and brechification. The cracks in the calcarenites are filled with reddish lutites with abundant rhizocretions, associated with rare terrestrial gastropods (Tudorella ferruginea). Marine mollusc shells reworked from the beach units also occur.
[G] Channelled deposits. Rudstones constituted by coarse carbonated sands and reddish silts, with many shell fragments. Its contact with the two beach units (D and E) is erosive. The only identifiable fossil shell belongs to the bivalve species Chama gryphoides.
|
Figure
3:
Stratigraphical correlation of all the profiles (1-8) located in Figure 1 |
|
Figure
4:
Fossil
molluscs of Arenal de son Servera deposit. A:
Persististrombus latus, lower
foreshore unit. B: Acanthocardia tuberculata, upper foreshore unit. C:
Arca noae, upper foreshore unit. D:
Stramonita haemastoma, upper foreshore
unit. E: Aporrhais pespelecani, found ex situ. Scale bar: 1 cm. |
4.2. Taphonomy
The Arenal de son Servera deposit, or at least is southern half, is one of the poorest upper Pleistocene littoral deposits in Mallorca in terms of species richness. For the present study, only specimens of the bivalves Arca noae and Acanthocardia tuberculata, a fragment of the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma and several shells of the gastropod Persististrombus latus have been found. This last species is the most abundant, with around the 70% of the total identifiable fossil content.
The fact that all the fossils are affected by abrasion, or some of them are even shattered, points to a sustained interval of underwater exposure before they were finally washed ashore. However, this is a curious case of a upper Pleistocene deposit on Mallorca in which Persististrombus latus shells do not show any traces of bioerosion. The only comparable situation would be the specimens in the Freu de ses Covetes deposit, which do not possess any kind of bioerosion trace either (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2017). Therefore, although the biostratinomic phase seems to have spanned a significant amount of time, no organisms were able to colonise the shells.
In addition, all the Persististrombus latus shells were found in their position of maximum stability, i.e., with their aperture facing downwards. Therefore, in the final burial event, shells were probably transported off the sea by a moderately low energetic episode. Studies on modern littoral dynamics (Tintoré et al., 2009; Gómez-Pujol et al., 2011) asserted that, in Cala Millor, the mean height of waves in normal climate ranges between 0.25 and 1 m, and in storms they can rise up to about 2.5 m. Assuming that coastal dynamics were somewhat similar during the upper Pleistocene, the episodes that washed off the Persististrombus latus shells should be of comparable importance to the hydrodynamic regimes in modern ordinary storms.
Besides, a loose shell of the gastropod Aporrhais
pespelecani was found among the sand and debris on the shore (Fig.
4.E ).
This species was recently recorded for the first time in the Mallorcan upper Pleistocene (Juárez & Matamales-Andreu,
2018). The
specimen found at Arenal de son Servera is partially surrounded by a thin layer
of well-consolidated greyish calcarenite. It is herein considered to be very
recent in age (i.e., Holocene), the
calcarenitic crust being formed in fast diagenetic processes such as beach-rock
or calichification.
The upper Pleistocene succession at Arenal de son Servera consists of several units laying unconformably above the Miocene basement. A basal lutitic stretch is overlain by two foreshore units composed of yellowish calcarenites, rich in thermophilous fauna (Persististrombus latus). The fact that there exist two, well-marked foreshore units may not be trivial, as they have also been recognised in other Mallorcan deposits of similar age, such as Es Carnatge or Ses Covetes (Vicens, 2015); however, it is beyond of the scope of the present paper to discuss this aspect any further. Bioturbation occurs frequently: rhizocretions, Myotragus tracks (Bifidipes aeolis) and other traces. Pedogenesis processes are also usual at the top of the beds. These units change laterally to aeolianites when approaching the southern edge of the beach, because the Miocene basement provided a slightly higher ground for the dunes to settle.
The lack of any kind of bioerosion traces in the Persististrombus latus shells was not the result of fast burial after the death of the organism. The biostratinomic phase lasted long enough, as demonstrated by the moderate degree of abrasion that affects all the fossils studied. They correspond to the degree 1 of abrasion in the sense of Domènech et al. (2009). Matamales-Andreu et al. (2017) studied the incidence of different kinds of bioerosion traces on Persististrombus latus shells on every upper Pleistocene Mallorcan deposit. The result of the Principal Component Analysis (Matamales-Andreu et al., 2017: Fig. 4) suggested that the presence of Entobia was negatively correlated to the presence of traces of other suspension-feeders such as polychaetes, vermetids or lithophagous bivalves. It was then tentatively interpreted to be related to the clearness of the water: because Cliona needs clear, well-lit waters to thrive (Bromley & D'Alessandro, 1984) and the rest of borers feed on suspended detritus, the lack of Entobia and subsequent relative abundance of Caulostrepsis and Gastrochaenolites could indicate more turbid waters. However, the specimens considered herein do not show any kind of boring. That indicates an unstable sea bottom, which either [1] periodically buried and exhumed the fossils, which never remained exposed long enough to allow the settling of bioeroders, or [2] although on the sea floor, the orientation of the shells was modified too often to permit the establishment of the borers. Although both phenomena could have played a role in avoiding bioerosion on the studied shells, the first situation might have been dominant.
In other Mallorcan upper Pleistocene deposits of higher energy (e.g., Punta Negra locality, see Vicens, 2015; Juárez & Matamales-Andreu, 2018), the Persististrombus latus shells appear with random orientations, and yet the bioeroders only colonised part of the shell (own data), pointing to the fact that those heavy shells remained relatively still on the sea floor, even in relatively high-energy conditions. Thus, the second situation seems unlikely in favour of the first one, as today there are submarine sand bars in the area, that migrate and change in size and shape over the year (Gómez-Pujol et al., 2011). These sand bars could also have operated during the upper Pleistocene, covering and exposing the shells, and therefore impeding any kind of bioerosion process to occur. Hence, in this case, the absence or presence of certain bioerosion traces cannot be related to such factors as clarity of the water as pointed out by Matamales-Andreu et al. (2017) for other localities on the island, but to a particular sedimentary environment.
Arenal de son Servera (Butzer & Cuerda, 1962; Vicens, 2015), Cala Millor (Solé-Sabarís, 1962; Lorscheid et al., 2017) and Cala Nau 3 (Juárez & Matamales-Andreu, 2018) are parts of a same deposit. Because most of the time it is covered by modern sand, authors have subsequently referred to each outcrop with different toponyms. It is herein suggested that all of them should be named under the oldest designation, Arenal de son Servera, to avoid ambiguity in future work. The comprehensive stratigraphical study of this locality allowed the present author to recognise lateral variations of the foreshore deposits: from dunes at the southernmost edge of the beach, to beds of plant colonisation, palaeosols and probably more modern channelled deposits with different faunal assemblages. It has been established that Persististrombus latus shells are distributed ubiquitously in all the foreshore beds, and therefore they all can be considered as part of the MIS-5e interglacial warm peak. Taphonomical analysis of the Persististrombus latus specimens concluded that all of them underwent a biostratinomic phase exposed on the sea bottom, which resulted in a similar abrasion degree on all the shells. However, unlike other contemporary deposits in Mallorca, bioerosion did not occur. The presence of a submerged, changing sand bar could explain repeated burials and exhumations of the shells, making it very difficult for the bioeroders to settle. This would support the idea that some of the variables regarding the coastal dynamics of that beach during the upper Pleistocene, namely, the presence of submerged sand bars, were similar to the present. Moreover, those shells were finally washed ashore in moderately energetic episodes, because all the Persististrombus latus fossils are orientated with the aperture facing downwards, in their position of maximum stability. Those events were most probably comparable to local ordinary modern storms in intensity. These two last points allow, up to some extent, the comparison of the coastal dynamics of the modern Cala Millor beach with a warmer environment (MIS-5e), which could provide insight on the range of expected changes that Mallorcan beaches may undergo in the present context of global warming.
To Sebastià Matamalas and to Sebastiana M. Andreu for aid in fieldwork. To Pierre Lozouet (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France) and to Thomas Lorscheid (MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, Germany), reviewers of this paper, for their thoughtful insight that contributed to improving the final version of the manuscript. To Bruno Granier and Stephen Eager, editors of the paper, for their constructive comments and effort editing the manuscript.
Bromley R.G. & D'Alessandro A. (1984).- The ichnogenus Entobia from the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern Italy.- Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Milano, vol. 90, p. 227-296.
Butzer K.W. & Cuerda J. (1962).- Formaciones cuaternarias del litoral Este de Mallorca (Canyamel - Porto Cristo).- Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares, Palma, vol. 7 (1961), p. 3-29. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/171496/244643
Cuerda J. (1957).- Fauna marina del Tirreniense de la Bahía de Palma (Mallorca).- Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares, Palma, vol. 3, p. 3-76. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/171566/260119
Cuerda J. (1975).- Los tiempos cuaternarios en Baleares.- Instituto de Estudios Baleáricos, Palma de Mallorca. 304 p. (20 Pls.).
Cuerda J. & Muntaner A. (1952).- Nota sobre las playas con Strombus del Levante de la Bahía de Palma.- Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares, Palma, (1952), p. 1-8. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/234518/316798
Del Valle L. (2015).- El registre sedimentari eòlic del Plistocè litoral d'Eivissa.- Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 286 p.
Domènech R., Martinell J., Ortiz J.E. & Torres T. (2009).- Atributos tafonómicos de Strombus bubonius en el yacimiento pleistoceno de Cerro Largo (Roquetas de Mar, Almería). In: Palmqvist P. & Pérez-Claros J.A. (coords.), XXV Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología.- Libro de Resúmenes, Málaga, p. 178.
Fornós J.J., Bromley R.G., Clemmensen L.B. & Rodríguez-Perea A. (2002).- Tracks and trackways of Myotragus balearicus Bate (Artiodactyla, Caprinae) in the Pleistocene aeolianites from Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean).- Palæogeography, Palæoclimatology, Palæoecology, vol. 180, p. 277-313.
Ginés A., Ginés J., Gómez-Pujol L., Onac B.P. & Fornós J.J. (eds.) (2012).- Mallorca: A Mediterranean benchmark for Quaternary studies.- Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de Balears, Palma, vol. 18, 219 p. URL: http://www.shnb.org/monografies/monografia18/Mon_Soc_Hist_Nat_Balears_18_2012.pdf
Gómez-Pujol L., Balaguer P. & Fornós J.J. (2007).- El litoral de Mallorca: Síntesis geomórfica. In: Fornós J.J., Ginés J. & Gómez-Pujol L. (eds.). Geomorfología Litoral: Migjorn y Llevant de Mallorca.- Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de Balears, Palma, vol. 15, p. 39-59.
Gómez-Pujol L., Orfila A., Álvarez-Ellacuría A. & Tintoré J. (2011).- Controls on sediment dynamics and medium-term morphological change in a barred microtidal beach (Cala Millor, Mallorca, Western Mediterranean).- Geomorphology, vol. 132, p. 87-98.
IDEIB (2017).- Infraestuctura de dades espacials de les Illes Balears.- Conselleria d'Agricultura, Medi Ambient i Territori, Govern de les Illes Balears, Palma. URL: http://www.ideib.cat (accessed on 29/06/2017).
Juárez J. & Matamales-Andreu R. (2018).- Tàxons inèdits o poc coneguts per al Pleistocè superior litoral de Mallorca (Illes Balears, Mediterrani occidental) i consideracions sobre alguns jaciments.- Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de Balears, Palma, vol. 59 (2016), p. 39-67. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/336147/426947
Lorscheid T., Stocchi P., Casella E., Gómez-Pujol L., Vacchi M., Mann T. & Rovere A. (2017).- Paleo sea-level changes and relative sea-level indicators: Precise measurements, indicative meaning and glacial isostatic adjustment perspectives from Mallorca (Western Mediterranean).- Palæogeography, Palæoclimatology, Palæoecology, vol. 473, p. 94-107.
Matamales-Andreu R., Juárez J. & Martinell J. (2017).- Estructures de macrobioerosió en Persististrombus latus (Gmelin, 1791) del Pleistocè superior de Mallorca (illes Balears, Mediterrània Occidental).- Nemus, Castelló de la Plana, vol. 7, p. 19-29. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Nemus/article/view/336211/427000
Mauz B., Shen Z., Elmejdoub N. & Spada G. (2018).- No evidence from the Eastern Mediterranean for a MIS 5e double peak sea-level highstand.- Quaternary Research, Cambridge, vol. 89, no. 2, p. 505-510.
Morey B. (2008).- El Patrimoni paleontològic del Pleistocè superior marí de Mallorca: catalogació, caracterització, valoració i propostes per a la gestió i conservació.- Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de Balears, Palma, vol. 51, p. 229-260. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/254878
Muntaner A. (1957).- Las formaciones cuaternarias de la Bahia de Palma.- Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares, Palma, vol. 3, p. 77-126. URL: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/BolletiSHNBalears/article/view/171567/260120
Polyak V.J., Onac B.P., Fornós J.J., Hay C., Asmerom Y., Dorale J.A., Ginés J., Tuccimei P. & Ginés A. (2018).- A highly resolved record of relative sea level in the western Mediterranean Sea during the last interglacial period.- Nature Geoscience, vol. 11, p. 860-864.
Pomar L., Esteban M., Calvet F. & Baron A. (1983).- La unidad arrecifal del Mioceno superior de Mallorca. In: Pomar L., Obrador A., Fornós J.J. & Rodríguez-Perea A. (eds.), El Terciario de Baleares (Mallorca-Menorca).- Institut d'Estudis Baleàrics, Palma, p. 139-175.
Railsback L.B., Gibbard P.L., Head M.J., Voarintsoa N.R.G. & Toucanne S. (2015).- An optimized scheme of lettered marine isotope substages for the last 1.0 million years, and the climatostratigraphic nature of isotope stages and substages.- Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 111, p. 94-106.
Solé-Sabarís L. (1962).- Le Quaternaire marin des Baléares et ses rapports avec les côtes méditerranéennes de la Péninsule Ibérique.- Quaternaria, Roma, vol. 6, p. 309-342.
Tintoré J., Medina R., Gómez-Pujol L., Orfila A. & Vizoso G. (2009).- Integrated and interdisciplinary scientific approach to coastal management.- Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 52, no. 10, p. 493-443.
Vicens D. (2015).- El registre paleontològic dels dipòsits litorals quaternaris a l'illa de Mallorca (Illes Balears, Mediterrània occidental).- Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 986 p. URL: https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/383039
