◄ Carnets Geol. 20 (15) ►
Outline:
[1. Introduction]
[2. Geological setting]
[3. Materials and methods]
[4. Results]
[5. Taphonomy]
[6. Palaeoecology]
[7. Systematics]
[8. Conclusions] and ...
[Bibliographic references]
University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, Bedzińska Street 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec (Poland)
Czech Geological Survey, Leitnerova Street 22, 65869 Brno (Czech Republic)
2 rue Guy de Maupassant, F-76800 Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray (France)
Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch in Cracow, Skrzatów Street 1, 31-560 Cracow (Poland)
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387 Cracow (Poland)
University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, Bedzińska Street 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec (Poland)
Published online in final form (pdf) on October 14, 2020
DOI 10.2110/carnets.2020.2015
[Editor: Bruno Granier;
language editor: Stephen Carey]
Jurassic (Tithonian) and Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian/Valanginian-Hauterivian) strata of the Vendryně and Cieszyn Limestones formations in the Czech Republic and Poland are locally rich in crinoid remains, consisting of whole cups, isolated cup elements, brachial plates, columnals and pluricolumnals, cirrals, and holdfasts. They are assigned to isocrinids (Isocrinida: Isocrinus cf. amblyscalaris, Isocrinida indet.), cyrtocrinids (Cyrtocrinida: Eugeniacrinites sp., Phyllocrinus sp., Gammarocrinites sp., Hemicrinus tithonicus, Plicatocrinus hexagonus, Cyrtocrinida indet.), millericrinids (Millericrinida: Millericrinida indet.), and thiolliericrinids (Comatulida, Thiolliericrinidae: Thiolliericrinidae gen. et sp. indet.). Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and Paleogene (Paleocene-Oligocene) crinoids from the Subsilesian Unit are recorded as individual remains belonging to: Isocrinida indet., Cyrtocrinida indet., bourgueticrinids (Comatulida, Bourgueticrinina: Bourgueticrinina fam. et gen. indet.) and roveacrinids (Roveacrinida, Roveacrinidae gen. et sp. indet.). Roveacrinids were retrieved only from Maastrichtian samples. Despite the conclusions previously presented that isocrinids of the Outer Flysch Carpathians dominated around the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary due to the very shallow sedimentary environment of these strata, we can now conclude that they were common and associated with cyrtocrinids in all types of environments. It is also worth mentioning that cyrtocrinids and isocrinids occur in Paleogene sediments that were deposited in extremely shallow environments. On the other hand, many literature data suggested that Cretaceous (by mid-Cretaceous) isocrinids migrated to deep-water areas, as a response to an increase in the number of predators during the so-called Mesozoic marine revolution.
•
Western Carpathians;
• Silesian Unit;
• Subsilesian Unit;
• Jurassic;
• Cretaceous;
• Paleogene;
• Crinoidea;
• Cyrtocrinids;
• taxonomy;
• Czech Republic;
• Poland
Salamon M. A., Bubík M., Ferré B., Szydło A., Nescieruk P., Płachno B.J., Brachaniec T. & Paszcza K. (2020).- Additional data on post-Paleozoic sea-lilies (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Outer Carpathians of the Czech Republic and Poland.- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 20, no. 15, p. 283-299.
Données complémentaires sur les lys de mer post-paléozoďques (crinoďdes ; Crinoidea, Echinodermata) des Carpathes externes de la République tchčque et de Pologne.- Les dépôts jurassiques (Tithonien) et crétacés inférieurs (Berriasien/Valanginien-Hauterivien) des formations de Vendryně et des Calcaires de Cieszyn de la République tchčque et de Pologne sont localement riches en restes crinoďdiques, représentés par des thčques entičres, éléments isolés de thčque, pičces brachiales, columnales et pluri-columnales, de cirres et de crampons. Ils sont rapportés respectivement aux isocrinides (Isocrinida : Isocrinus cf. amblyscalaris, Isocrinida indet.), cyrtocrinides (Cyrtocrinida : Eugeniacrinites sp., Phyllocrinus sp., Gammarocrinites sp., Hemicrinus tithonicus, Plicatocrinus hexagonus, Cyrtocrinida indet.), millericrinides (Millericrinida : Millericrinida indet.) et aux thiolliericrinides (Comatulida, Thiolliericrinidae : Thiolliericrinidae gen. et sp. indet.). Ces crinoďdes du Crétacé supérieur (Maastrichtien) et du Paléogčne (Paléocčne-Oligocčne) sont représentés par des restes isolés appartenant aux : Isocrinida indet., Cyrtocrinida indet., bourgueticrinides (Comatulida, Bourgueticrinina : Bourgueticrinina fam. et gen. indet.) et aux rovéacrinides (Roveacrinida, Roveacrinidae gen. et sp. indet.). Les rovéacrinides ont été récupérés uniquement dans les échantillons du Maastrichtien. Malgré les conclusions présentées préalablement que les isocrinides des Carpathes du Flysch externe dominaient aux alentours de la limite Jurassique-Crétacé en raison de l'environnement sédimentaire beaucoup moins profond de ces dépôts, nous pouvons maintenant conclure qu'ils furent communs et associés aux cyrtocrinides dans tous les types d'environnement. Il est également utile de préciser que les cyrtocrinides et les isocrinides sont présents dans les sediments paléogčnes qui furent déposés dans les environnements extręmement peu profonds. De nombreuses données suggčrent que les isocrinides crétacés (depuis le Crétacé moyen) ont migré dans les zones d'eaux profondes en réponse ŕ l'accroisssement du nombre de prédateurs lors de la soi-disant révolution marine mésozoďque.
• Carpathes occidentales ;
• Unité silésienne ;
• Unité sous-silésienne ;
• Jurassique ;
• Crétacé ;
• Paléogčne ;
• Crinoidea ;
• taxonomie ;
• République tchčque ;
• Pologne
Hohenegger (1861) was the first to mention crinoid remains from the Outer Flysch Carpathians, namely Pentacrinites annulatus Römer from the Vendryně Formation and the upper member of the Cieszyn Limestone Formation. Rogala (1909) and Kokoszyńska (1949) claimed that remains of Pentacrinus sp. (=Isocrinus?) and Pentacrinus neocomiensis (Desor) (=Isocrinus? neocomiensis) are common in the Lower Cretaceous of the Outer Carpathians. However, such statements and taxonomic assignments raised our doubts and needed to be verified. Later, unspecified echinoderms were also mentioned from both the Czech and Polish sectors of the Outer Carpathians (Cieszyn Beds) (e.g., Waśkowska-Oliwa et al., 2008). Crinoids from the Polish sector of the Outer Carpathians (Cieszyn Limestone Formation) were the sole topic of Salamon et al. (2020). These latter authors stated that the echinoderms are absent from the Vendryně and Hraditě formations (Tithonian and Berriasian/Valanginian-Hauterivian respectively). They added that Isocrinus cf. amblyscalaris (Thurmann) and Isocrinida indet. both occur in the Vendryně Formation (Tithonian), whereas crinoids are more diversified in the Cieszyn Limestone Formation (Berriasian) and are represented by isocrinids (Isocrinida) and cyrtocrinids (Cyrtocrinida) belonging to the following taxa: Isocrinus? annulatus (Roemer), Balanocrinus subteres (Münster), B. cf. smithi Hess & Gale, and Hemicrinus sp.
The Outer Carpathians extend to Ukraine. Klikushin (1992) recorded the following Jurassic taxa from the Ukrainian Carpathians: Chladocrinus oceani (Orbigny) from the Pliensbachian, and Balanocrinus subteres from the Callovian and Tithonian strata. However, in the same paper, Klikushin (1992, p. 151, first two lines) also described Margocrinus zitteli, now regarded as B. subteres, as a new species. According to Krajewski et al. (2020), only two isocrinid taxa (Balanocrinus sp., and Isocrinina fam. et subfam. indet.) occur in the Jurassic sediments of the Ukrainian Outer Carpathians. They added that, because of the limited size of the samples and/or the type of maceration, no complete isocrinid element was retrieved from any Cretaceous sample. Therefore no crinoid remains have ever been identified from post-Jurassic sedimentary rocks of Ukraine.
During
current investigations of the Tithonian, Berriasian-Valanginian, Maastrichtian
and Paleocene-Oligocene, exposures in the Czech Republic were selected for
crinoid research (Fig. 1 
). They yielded reasonably common crinoid ossicles
belonging to the isocrinids and cyrtocrinids and rare ossicles of
bourgueticrinids, millericrinids, and thiolliericrinids. In Poland, a single
locality (Leszna Górna Quarry; Valanginian), not previously investigated (for
details see Salamon et al., 2020), was selected for echinoderm research. In this active quarry, many
isocrinids and cyrtocrinids were collected, along with abundant
thiolliericrinids and scarce millericrinids. The results of taphonomic,
palaeoecological and systematic studies of the crinoid faunas are presented
herein.
|
Figure 1:
Map of Central Europe with studied sections in the Czech Republic and Poland: 1
- Olza river gorge in Vendryně, 2 - Wopienka Quarry in Vendryně, 3 -
Dolní Lítná Quarry, 4 - Bystřice nad Olí, 5 - Jatný, 6 - Hluchová,
7 - Zaolí, 8 - Starý Jičín, 9 - enklava, 10 - Leszna Górna Quarry. |
The studied sections, including selected deposits of the Silesian and Subsilesian units, were recognised in the Western (Moravian-Silesian) Carpathians of the Czech Republic and Poland (Żytko et al., 1989). In this area the Carpathian orogen comprises deep- and shallow-water sediments from the Upper Jurassic to the lower Miocene that underwent complex deformation that terminated during the middle Miocene. Most of them feature deposition by turbidity currents and other gravity flows in very tectonically active basins which were repeatedly divided and unified during both subsidence and uplift. The basins developed in the context of the rise and folding of the Carpathian orogen (Oszczypko et al., 2006; Jankowski, 2015). The sedimentary complex also includes carbonate and non-carbonate pelagic and hemipelagic sediments that filled the basin during periods of low tectonic activity and stable sea level. Some of the sediments, determined as Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous (Silesian unit) and Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Subsilesian unit), have previously been examined for crinoids. Hohenegger (1861) subdivided the oldest strata of the Silesian Unit into the "Unterer Teschenerschiefer" (Lower Cieszyn Shale), "Teschnerkalkstein" (Cieszyn Limestone) and the "Oberer Teschenerschiefer" (Upper Cieszyn Shale). The same author distinguished the "untere-" and "obere Abtheilung" within the Cieszyn Limestone (Lower and Upper Cieszyn Limestone). To avoid the confusion of having several stratigraphic units derived from the same toponym, we follow the revised lithostratigraphy of Eliá et al. (2003) in the Czech Outer Carpathians. According to this proposal, the oldest strata of the Silesian Unit are divided into the Vendryně Formation (=Lower Cieszyn Shale; Tithonian), the Cieszyn Limestone Formation (Tithonian-Valanginian) with a lower micritic member and an upper siliciclastic member, and the Hraditě Formation including the former Upper Cieszyn Shale (Valanginian-Hauterivian). For more details on the correlation between these deposits see Salamon et al. (2020), and for the detailed geology of the area which extends from the quarry located in the vicinity of Leszna Górna to the Polish-Czech border see Nescieruk and Wójcik (2004, 2013).
Apart
from the oldest sedimentary rocks in the Czech-Polish border area, Upper
Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits outcropping in the Czech territory were also
investigated (Fig. 2 ). These mostly hemipelagic, pelitic rocks are divided
into several formations: the Frýdek Formation (Turonian-Paleocene), the Frýdlant
Formation (Maastrichtian-Eocene) and the Menilite Formation (Oligocene) (Bubik
et al., 2016). The Frýdek and Frýdlant
formations were deposited mostly under oxic conditions and locally contain a
macrofauna of small fossils. The Menilite Formation was deposited under anoxic/dysoxic
conditions and lacks a calcareous benthonic macrofauna. These strata are locally
replaced by a pebbly mudstone facies containing a macrofauna redeposited from
various sublittoral habitats (molluscs, bryozoans, echinoderms, etc.).
|
Figure
2:
Lithostratigraphic chart of crinoid-bearing strata of the Silesian and
Subsilesian units with indicated position of studied sections (for section
identification see Fig. 1 |
The crinoid collection from the Leszna Górna Quarry is housed at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Earth Sciences, Poland, and recorded under catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693. The crinoids from the Czech localities (Vendryně and Dolní Lítná) are partly housed in the collections of the Czech Geological Survey in Brno, Czech Republic: CGS MB15 to 40.
Crinoids
were retrieved from the following localities (see Figs. 1
- 2 ):
Crinoid remains occurring on the surface of slabs were photographed in the field using an iPhone S. In addition, seven carbonate samples, each weighing from 5 to 7 kg, were collected and taken back to the Laboratory of the Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, in Katowice. Five samples were selected at random, and a series of thin sections (TS) and polished slabs (PS) were prepared. TS and PS were then investigated and interpreted (BF). The next step consisted in treating the rock samples with Glauber's salt (up to five cycles of boiling-thawing). The mixture was then washed using running hot tap water and screened on a sieve column (Ř 1.0, 0.315 and 0.1mm mesh, respectively). Finally all macerated samples were dried at 180°C. Residues were hand-picked using a microscope. Some specimens were cleaned with hot hydrogen peroxide and then rinsed under running hot tap water. All crinoids recovered from maceration were photographed using a Canon Eos 350D digital camera.
As a result of our new investigations during 2019, numerous remains consisting of crinoid cups, isolated cup elements, brachial plates, columnals, and pluricolumnals were collected. The following taxa were identified:
Only Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous crinoid ossicles (ca. 700 ossicles) were used for taphonomic analyses. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene individuals were too few. Investigated specimens were scrutinised in search of: 1) epibionts, 2) predation traces, 3) signs of abrasion, chemical alteration of ossicle structure and bioerosion traces, and 4) disarticulation gradient sensu Brett et al. (1997).
While the palaeoecology of bourgueticrinids, millericrinids, and thiolliericrinids is relatively well known (e.g., Klikushin, 1987; Ausich et al., 1999, and references therein), the way of life, especially bathymetric preferences, of cyrtocrinids and isocrinids, should be revised. In the recent years, several studies showed that stalked cyrtocrinids commonly lived in both shallow- (Salamon & Gorzelak, 2007; Zamora et al., 2018; Salamon, 2019; Krajewski et al., 2020) and deep-water environments (e.g., Zatoń et al., 2008; and literature cited therein). Ausich et al. (1999) stated that cyrtocrinids preferred deeper habitats, typically below 100 m depth. Extant cyrtocrinids have been documented only at considerable depths (e.g., Ausich et al., 1999; and literature cited therein; Donovan & Jakobsen, 2004; for detailed discussion see Krajewski et al., 2020).
Some authors (e.g., Bottjer & Jablonski, 1988; Oji, 1996; Gorzelak et al., 2012) have suggested that isocrinids disappeared from shallow water to take refuge in deep-water settings. Oji (1996) added that isocrinids settled in new and deep-water areas by the Early Jurassic. Earlier Oji (1985) concluded that, during the Mesozoic, a lot of isocrinids migrated to deep zones where they were not subject to predatory attacks. However, he also stated that some isocrinids still preferred shallow seas, e.g., Chariocrinus andreae (Desor). According to Oji (1985), the last shallow-water representatives of the order Isocrinida are known from the upper Aptian of Japan [Isocrinus hanaii Oji and Isocrinus? neocomiensis (Desor)]. Salamon (2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009; see also e.g., Jagt, 1999; Hess & Gale, 2010; Lach, 2016; Zamora et al., 2018; Salamon et al., 2019) compiled a list of shallow-water Jurassic and Cretaceous (also post-Aptian) sections containing common isocrinids. Améziane and Roux (1997) stated that the absence of stalked crinoids from shallow-water settings is a consequence of their functional morphology. They observed that, among Recent stalked crinoids, some forms are also known from relatively shallow-water settings (60 m). Hess (1999) noted that isocrinids are few after the Cretaceous, but we regard this as a sampling bias resulting from palaeogeography (most marine sediments were deposited in shallow waters close to current coastlines). Whittle et al. (2018) concluded either that migration of less mobile invertebrates (e.g., isocrinids) into deeper zones was globally asynchronous or that post-Mesozoic isocrinid occurrences from both Antarctica and South America were "retrograde reversions" to Paleozoic-type communities in cool waters. In fact, post-Mesozoic isocrinid are not as rare as claimed, and they are equally common in shallow- and deep-water sediments (see data in: e.g., Moore & Vokes, 1953; Rasmussen, 1972; Oji, 1990; Meyer & Oji, 1993; Donovan, 1995; Baumiller & Gaździcki, 1996; Donovan & Veltkamp, 2001; Salamon, 2009; Donovan et al., 2015, 2019; Salamon et al., 2019; Whittle et al., 2018; and references therein).
Changes in studied foraminiferal assemblages were strongly influenced by sedimentary conditions. During the late Tithonian, benthonic forms displaying calcite-cemented agglutinating tests (Ataxophragmiidae) and also those secreting calcium-carbonate walls (Involutinidae) became the dominant foraminifers colonizing the shelf area. The Involutinidae especially preferred reef-like environments during the time interval during which the lower part of the Cieszyn Limestone Formation was deposited (Nescieruk & Szydło, 2001). The following foraminiferal assemblages previously mentioned, also noticed in the Lesznianka stream (Poland), evidence drastic changes in sedimentary regime during the Berriasian. During that time shallow-water sedimentation was replaced by deposition dominated by high-energy gravity flows (including turbidity currents) and resulted in the formation of a carbonate complex with interbedded marly shales (upper part of the Cieszyn Limestones Formation). Hemipelagic sedimentation was also a feature of the Berriasian and predominated during the Valanginian during tectonic quiescence. In that time of decreasing availability of calcium carbonate, sediments were colonised by deep-infaunal detritus- and bacteria-feeders under low-oxygen conditions. They record changes in trophic conditions, leading to the dominance of siliceous agglutinated taxa in foraminiferal assemblages (Geroch & Kamiński, 1995; Szydło, 2004, 2005).
When the crinoid fauna is included in this picture, it is clear that isocrinids, millericrinids, and thiolliericrinids occur in Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. They are accompanied by numerous cyrtocrinids. Though these rocks are deep-water (bathyal), they contain a shallow-water reworked macrofauna including crinoids. Klikushin (1987) described the largest collection of thiolliericrinids from Crimea to date, where these crinoids lived within the coral reefs. In addition to thiolliericrinids, Klikushin (1987) often referred to oysters, nerineid gastropods, 'true' (unstalked) comatulids and echinoids that co-occur with them. Similarly, millericrinids occurring in the Upper Jurassic deposits are usually associated with shallow-water environments (e.g., Salamon & Zatoń, 2005; Radwańska & Radwański, 2005). On the other hand, deep-water discoveries of millericrinids are known, although most of these are Early Jurassic in age (e.g., Hess, 2006). Late Jurassic and post-Jurassic sedimentation, as indicated above, changed its character from slope hemipelagites and slumps in the Tithonian to turbidites in the Berriasian and Valanginian (with a deepening trend). Also in these much deeper (>200 m) environments, isocrinids and cyrtocrinids, together with millericrinids and thiolliericrinids (Berriasian-Valanginian sections in the Czech Republic: Dolní Lítná Quarry, Wopienka Quarry) were widely distributed. It is also worth mentioning that cyrtocrinids and isocrinids occur in the Paleogene sediments of the Czech Republic (Bystřice nad Olí, Hluchová, Jatný, Starý Jičín, Zaolí, and enklava). These deposits are bathyal (upper slope) according to microfossil and lithofacies characteristics. The crinoid remains may be shallow-water but also bathyal. The accompanying fauna is derived from a mix of all these habitats.
We
should remember, on one hand, that, in these environments, some invertebrates
were redeposited from deeper parts of the sublittoral zone. Therefore, it is
possible that some crinoids originally inhabited these zones. On the other hand,
the state of preservation of the post-Mesozoic crinoids is quite good, with no
signs of abrasion clearly visible on facets, etc. (compare e.g., Fig.
3.J, T-U ). It seems unlikely that they underwent vigorous and extended
transport.
The systematics of crinoids follows the scheme proposed by Hess and Messing (2011).
Order Isocrinida Sieverts-Doreck, in Moore et al., 1952
Suborder Isocrinina Sieverts-Doreck, in Ubaghs, 1953
Family Isocrinidae Gislén, 1924
Subfamily Isocrininae Gislén, 1924
Genus Isocrinus Meyer, in Agassiz, 1836
Type species: Isocrinites pendulus Meyer, in Agassiz, 1836
Isocrinus cf. amblyscalaris (Thurmann, in Thurmann & Éttalon, 1861)
(Fig. 3.I,
L )
1861 ? Pentacrinus amblyscalaris Thurmann, in Thurmann & Éttalon, p. 351.
Material. More than 200 isolated columnals and pluricolumnals, and columnals and pluricolumnals visible on PS; catalogue numbers: GIUS 8-3693Ica, CGS MB25.
Description. Columnals are stellate, and medium to large in size. Their diameter is 4.40 mm, and their height varies between 1.45 and 2.60 mm. Crenularium is well developed and consists of a maximum of 18 crenulae per petal. Petal floors are relatively thin, sometimes long. Interradial areas are well developed. Latera ornamented by knobby ridges situated radially or by an interradial knob. Lumen is very small and circular.
Detailed discussion in Salamon et al. (2020).
Range in Outer Carpathians: Tithonian-Valanginian.
Isocrinidae indet.
Material. More than 300 isolated columnals and pluricolumnals, numerous brachials, cirrals, columnals, pluricolumnals, and brachials visible on PS and in TS; catalogue numbers: GIUS 8-3693Iin, CGS MB15, MB16, MB21, MB24, MB26, MB27, MB28, MB32, MB38, MB39.
Description. Columnals are very small to extremely large, with diameter ranging from 0.55 to 10.40 mm. Shape varies from circular to pentagonal or pentalobate, sub-pentagonal and sub-pentalobate, or stellate. Articular facets are commonly not visible; in some cases only relics of crenulae are visible. It seems that crenulae are thin. Latera is smooth or ornamented by knobby ridges situated radially or by an interradial knob. Lumen is very small and circular. Cirrals are small to medium in size, smooth, and elliptical or circular in section. Brachials are rather small, V- or rarely U-shaped. Proximal facets of primibrachials are muscular. They have large muscle fields; other facets display an embayed synarthry or a cryptosynarthry. Secundibrachials are smooth. They have deeply incised adoral furrows and oblique muscular facets with large muscle fields. Proximal brachials are wide. Distal brachials are higher than wide.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Tithonian-Valanginian, Maastrichtian, Paleocene, Eocene/Oligocene.
Order Cyrtocrinida Sieverts-Doreck, 1952
Suborder Cyrtocrinina Sieverts-Doreck, 1952
Superfamily Eugeniacrinitoidea Roemer, 1855
Family Eugeniacrinitidae Roemer, 1855
Genus Eugeniacrinites Miller, 1821
Type species: Eugeniacrinites quinquangularis Miller, 1821
Eugeniacrinites sp.
(Fig. 3.A )
Material. One cup; catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693Es.
Description. Cup is smooth, funnel-shaped and slightly pentagonal in outline. Radial articular facets are moderately low and very wide. They have small aboral ligament fossae, deeply excavated inter-articular fossae, and relatively low adoral muscle fossae. Radial articular facets are separated by rather large interradial projections; interradial projections are blunt. Radial cavity is shallow, probably due to matrix infilling. Suture lines are clearly visible. Facet to stem is circular and wide.
Discussion. The generic type species, Eugeniacrinites cariophilites (Schlotheim), is similar to the cup at hand with its smooth, funnel-shaped and pentagonal in outline cup (cf. Hess, 1975: Tab. 23, fig. 1; Hess & Messing, 2011: Fig. 88/1a). However, the stratigraphic range of the type species is restricted to the Middle Oxfordian. There is also some similarity between the specimen at hand and Eugeniacrinites zitteli Jaekel (blunt interradial projections). This character distinguishes E. cariophilites from E. zitteli, as already pointed out by Hess et al. (2011). The latter authors described E. zitteli from the Tithonian and Berriasian of eastern Poland. E. zitteli zitteli and E. zitteli moravicus are considered separate species.
For more detailed discussion see Hess et al. (2011).
Range in Outer Carpathians: Valanginian.
Family Phyllocrinidae Jaekel, 1907
Genus Phyllocrinus Orbigny, 1850, in 1850-1852
Type species: Phyllocrinus malbosianus Orbigny, 1850, in 1850-1852
Phyllocrinus sp.
(Fig. 3.B )
Material. Two cups; catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693Pm.
Description. Cups are small, pentagonal in outline and display very short interradial processes that are triangular in outline. Radial articular facets are low and shallow with a flat triangular surface. Radial cavity is circular, moderately wide and rather shallow. Cups are narrow at lower part, and gradually expanding up to radial facets. Suture lines between radials are clearly visible. Facet to stem is small and pentagonal.
Discussion. There are numerous phyllocrinid taxa in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata worldwide (for review see Zaręczny, 1876; Reme, 1905; Arendt, 1974; ítt, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c; Pisera & Dzik, 1979; Głuchowski, 1987; Zatoń et al., 2008; Salamon & Gorzelak, 2010; Hess et al., 2011; Zamora et al., 2018). Some opinions suggest there are significant differences in the structure of phyllocrinid taxa (e.g., Konieczyński et al., 2016). On the other hand, Manni et al. (1992) concluded that Phyllocrinus furcillatus Spenden includes closely related and morphologically inseparable forms (e.g., Phyllocrinus belbekensis Arendt; Phyllocrinus pieninensis Głuchowski; Phyllocrinus stellaris Zaręczny) that probably constitute a lineage. We agree, but decided to classify our specimens as Phyllocrinus sp. due to the small number of available individuals.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Valanginian.
Family Sclerocrinidae Jaekel, 1918
Genus Gammarocrinites Quenstedt, 1858
Type species: Eugeniacrinites compressus Goldfuss, 1829
Gammarocrinites sp.
(Fig. 3.C-D )
Material. Six columnals and seven brachial plates; catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693Gs.
Description. Columnals are generally circular, with some barrel-shaped. Facet may be covered by as many as 14 long, thick crenulae. Latera covered by large and circular tubercles, the latter sometimes irregular. Lumen is rounded and moderately large. Secundibrachials are low and joined by muscular or syzygial articulation. Ambulacral grooves are deep and possess large facet for pinnules.
Discussion. There are many reports mentioning that cyrtocrinid elements covered with granules are classified as Eugeniacrinites, Sclerocrinus or other (cf. Arendt, 1974; Pisera & Dzik, 1979; Głuchowski, 1987; Salamon & Gorzelak, 2010). Here, granulated elements are provisionally assigned to Gammarocrinites. In Gammarocrinites, granules appear to be larger than those of the other taxa mentioned above. Moreover, they cover both columnals and cup elements (e.g., Głuchowski, 1987: Fig. 14/7, 8; Hess & Messing, 2011: Fig. 90/4).
Range in Outer Carpathians: Valanginian.
Genus Hemicrinus Orbigny, 1850, in 1850-1852
Type species: Hemicrinus asterianus =Cyrtocrinus granulatus Jaekel, 1891
Hemicrinus tithonicus Pisera & Dzik, 1979
(Fig. 3.F-G )
1979. Hemicrinus tithonicus - Pisera & Dzik, p. 815-816, Fig. 6, Pl. 3, figs. 6-7.
Material. Three cups; catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693Ht.
Description. Cups are sub-pentagonal, low and moderately wide. Stem parts are well differentiated from spoon elements. Spoon elements are smooth. Radial facets are rather wide and equal in size. Radial aboral surface is crescentic and bears wide ligament fossae with small ligament pit. Radial adoral surface is triangular and wider than the aboral one. It bears two small, circular muscular fossae, both separated by a radial groove. Both surfaces are separated by a transverse fulcral ridge. Central cavity is rather shallow. Suture lines are visible. Facet to stem is concave. Stem part is long and circular in outline.
For detailed discussion see Pisera & Dzik (1979), and Manni et al. (1992).
Range in Outer Carpathians: Valanginian.
Cyrtocrinida indet.
(Fig. 3.E )
Material. One partly preserved cup, several isolated cup remains, brachial plates, and columnals visible on PS and in TS. All elements are more or less abraded; catalogue number: GIUS 8-3693Ci.
Description. Only the lower part of the cup is preserved. It is slightly circular, with large, circular, rather shallow facet on stem. All radials assigned to Cyrtocrinida indet. are smooth and compact. Their surface is covered by relatively large pustules. Proximal facets are flat and small; distal facets have distinct muscular fields and very narrow aboral ligament area with a pronounced pit. First primibrachials are low. Second primibrachials are compact. Most of the secundibrachials are uniform in size, with convex aboral side. All brachials with convex surface are of muscular type. Columnals are stick-like or barrel-shaped. Latera is smooth or granulated, and may be straight or convex. Lumen is circular and rather small.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Tithonian-Valanginian, Eocene/Oligocene.
Order Millericrinida Sieverts-Doreck, 1952
Millericrinida indet.
(Fig. 3.R-S )
Material. 27 columnals; catalogue numbers: GIUS 8-3693Mi, GCS MB17, MB20, MB30.
Description. Columnals are low and circular. Articular facet is covered by thick crenulae that are mainly short. Lumen is circular and large. Latera is straight and smooth.
For detailed discussion see Salamon et al. (2020).
Range in Outer Carpathians: Tithonian-Valanginian.
Order Comatulida A.H. Clark, 1908
Suborder Comatulidina A.H. Clark, 1908
Superfamily Solanocrinitoidea Jaekel, 1918
Family Thiolliericrinidae A.H. Clark, 1908
Thiolliericrinidae gen. et sp. indet.
(Fig. 3.O-Q )
Material. 50 columnals; catalogue numbers: GIUS 8-3693Th, CGS MB18, MB22, MB23.
Description. Columnals are of varying size, from 1.5 mm-diameter in small, low, discoidal forms to 7 mm-diameter in large, tall types. Columnals are barrel-shaped, sub-cylindrical or hourglass-shaped. Articular facet is circular or ellipsoidal. Fulcral ridge is serrated in some columnals. Marginal ridge is twinned, with twins almost perpendicular to each other on both sides of columnal. Lumen is very small and circular.
Discussion. Klikushin (1987) strived to attribute isolated columnals to different thiollericrinid cups. He concluded that columnals of Loriolicrinus asper Klikushin are low, parallel, hourglass-shaped, or oblique. Their latera could be smooth or tubercular. In another place he also stated that the columnals of L. laevis Klikushin may be parallel and not tall. Likewise concerning Umbocrinus umbonatus Klikushin with its low, parallel or oblique columnals that could be smooth or granulated (for more details see Klikushin, 1987: p. 633-651). However, in our opinion, associating thiolliericrinid cups with isolated columnals is dubious, especially in levels containing cups assigned to different taxa.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Tithonian-Valanginian.
Suborder Bourgueticrinina Sieverts-Doreck, in Ubaghs, 1953
Bourgueticrinina fam. and gen. indet.
(Fig. 3.M-N )
Material. Two columnals and one pluricolumnal; catalogue numbers: GIUS 8-3693Th, CGS MB33, MB37.
Description. Columnals are relatively high with elliptical ends constricted medially and have a fulcral ridge divided by a furrow; rhizocrinid pattern is clearly visible. The lateral surface is smooth and concave. The lumen is very small and circular.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Paleocene, Eocene/Oligocene.
Order Roveacrinida Sieverts-Doreck, 1952
Family Roveacrinidae Peck, 1943 (amended Gale, 2019)
Roveacrinidae gen. et sp. indet.
(Fig. 3.T-
U )
Material. 1 brachial; catalogue number: CGS MB31.
Description. Single brachial is identified as an isolated second primibrachial plate (IBr2), quite uniform in size and outer features, most likely belonging to an individual that was disarticulated shortly after death. It is tall, elongate ('pin-like' or stick-like), nearly cylindrical in section and terminated by two slightly swollen, or bulbous, ends. The outer surface appears nearly smooth but displays a feebly pitted random (reticulate?) ornamentation on the plate body and a weak keel running along the radial edge. On their inner side is a continuous, narrow, and faint shallow furrow (feeding groove) with rounded side edges. The abradial extremity is cut obliquely to the plate length and bears a sloping crypto-synarthrial facet to the first secundibrachial. This proximal muscular facet is slightly rimmed. The adradial extremity is bulbous and bears two distal muscular facets to the next distal first secundibrachial. These muscular facets are directed outward with strong relief, marked ligament fossa and axial canal, and pronounced ligament fossae. The muscle fossae display outer narrow processes.
Discussion. All described morphological features recall the subfamily Roveacrininae or an early relative of the subfamily Hessicrininae (see Gale, 2019). Such roveacrinoidal plates usually occur either in quite large number in marker beds or rarely as scattered elements (current transport, bioturbation). The plate at hand suggests some scattering during transport and/or current winnowing. In any event, this is an allochthonous or a parautochthonous element within an otherwise microfaunal assemblage.
Range in Outer Carpathians: Maastrichtian.
|
Figure
3:
Post-Paleozoic crinoids from Outer Flysch Carpathians of the Czech Republic and
Poland. Scale bar equals 1 mm. A. Eugeniacrinites sp.,
cup, lateral view. Leszna Górna Quarry (Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Es. B. Phyllocrinus sp.,
cup, lateral view. Leszna Górna Quarry (Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Pm. C-D. Gammarocrinites sp.,
columnals, articular face (C) and lateral view (D). Leszna Górna Quarry
(Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Gs. E. Cyrtocrinida indet., cup, lateral view. Leszna
Górna Quarry (Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Ci. F-G. Hemicrinus tithonicus Pisera
& Dzik, cups, adoral (F) and aboral views (G). Leszna Górna Quarry
(Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Ht. H, J-K. Isocrinidae indet., pluricolumnal,
lateral view (H), columnal, articular face (J, K). Leszna Górna Quarry for H
(Valanginian), GIUS 8-3693Iin, Starý J (Paleocene), CGS MB38, and Olza River
gorge for K (Berriasian/Valanginian), CGS MB15. I, L. Isocrinus cf. amblyscalaris
(Thurmann, in Thurmann & Éttalon), pluricolumnal,
lateral view (I), columnal, articular face (L). Leszna Górna Quarry
(Valanginian). GIUS 8-3693Ica. M-N. Bourgueticrinina fam. and gen. indet.,
columnals, articular face (M) and lateral view (N). Starý Jičín (Paleocene).
CGS MB37. O-Q. Thiolliericrinidae gen. et sp. indet., columnals, articular face
(O, P) and lateral view (Q). Wopienka Quarry for O (Berriasian/Valanginian), CGS
MB19, Dolní Lítná Quarry for P, (Berriasian/Valanginian), CGS MB22, and
Leszna Górna Quarry for Q (Tithonian/Berriasian), GIUS 8-3693Th. R-S.
Millericrinida indet., columnals, articular faces. Leszna Górna Quarry for R
(Tithonian/Berriasian), GIUS 8-3693Mi, and Wopienka Quarry for S
(Berriasian/Valanginian), CGS MB20. T-U. Roveacrinida indet., brachial. Bystřice nad Olí (Maastrichtian), CGS
MB31. |
In the Czech sections of the Vendryně and Cieszyn formations (Outer Carpathians) of Tithonian and Berriasian-Valanginian age, remains (cups, isolated cup remains, brachials, columnals, pluricolumnals, and holdfasts), not previously described, of isocrinids, cyrtocrinids, millericrinids, and thiolliericrinids were found. In Maastrichtian sediments isocrinids and roveacrinids were documented. Paleocene to Oligocene strata yielded isocrinids, bourgueticrinids and cyrtocrinids. Isocrinids, cyrtocrinids, millericrinids, and thiolliericrinids were found in the only Polish location where crinoids had not been characterised before. The documented crinoid remains represent a mixed assemblage of allochthonous and parautochthonous elements. Jurassic and Cretaceous forms are equally common in deep- and shallow-water sediments, while cyrtocrinids and isocrinids present in post-Mesozoic strata occur only in extremely shallow environments.
The valuable assistance of Mateusz Syncerz during field work is gratefully acknowledged. Reviewers William I. Ausich, Samuel Zamora, and journal Editor-in-Chief, Bruno Granier, substantially improved the manuscript. Thanks are also due to the "KOSBUD" Sp. z.o.o. Company that made access to the Leszna Górna Quarry possible. This research was partially supported financially by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as part of the statutory activities of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, in Katowice and Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, in Kraków (N18/DBS/000002).
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